Placebos

Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.

Also Known As:

Networked: 721 relevant articles (54 outcomes, 159 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Benedetti, Fabrizio: 7 articles (02/2015 - 09/2004)
2.	Schwacha, Martin G: 5 articles (08/2014 - 01/2006)
3.	Rani, Meenakshi: 4 articles (08/2014 - 01/2010)
4.	Zhang, Qiong: 4 articles (08/2014 - 01/2010)
5.	Bradford, Aidan: 4 articles (04/2014 - 01/2010)
6.	O'Halloran, Ken D: 4 articles (04/2014 - 01/2010)
7.	Skelly, J Richard: 4 articles (04/2014 - 01/2010)
8.	Hagiwara, Satoshi: 4 articles (04/2012 - 03/2009)
9.	Noguchi, Takayuki: 4 articles (04/2012 - 03/2009)
10.	Kitakoji, Hiroshi: 4 articles (04/2012 - 03/2006)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 09/01/2009 - "The sham treatment group reported a significant reduction in pain rating (p=0.012). " 09/01/2007 - "Although groups were similar during the treatment period, treated subjects (TEMF of 15 mT) improved significantly over sham treatment during the 2-week follow-up period (20.5% reduction in pain; F(1,34) = 10.62, P = 0.003). " 12/01/2014 - "Whether placebos are appropriate and effective in the management of chronic pain in older people deserves considerable attention. " 07/08/1960 - "Evidence is presented to indicate that placebos are far more effective in producing carefully defined relief of pathological pain than they are in the case of experimental pain. " 07/01/2013 - "In contrast, no changes were seen until 12 months following sham treatment (12 months: strength improved by 13 ± 2%, function improved by 52 ± 3%, pain with resistance to extension of the middle finger reduced by 76 ± 2%). "
2.	Low Back Pain (Lumbago) 12/01/2001 - "Manipulation and mobilization are more effective for chronic low back pain than placebos or usual care for up to 6 months (level 2). " 09/01/2007 - "Prospective, randomized, single-blind, sham treatment-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of an electromagnetic field device for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a pilot study." 07/01/2008 - "Taken together, these results demonstrate that imperfect placebos are common in low back pain trials; a result suggesting that many trials provide potentially biased estimates of treatment efficacy. " 07/01/2008 - "Imperfect placebos are common in low back pain trials: a systematic review of the literature." 10/01/2009 - "Twenty selected patients with chronic low back pain and a positive one-level pressure-controlled provocation discography were randomized to either intra-annular PIRFT or intra-annular sham treatment. "
3.	Hemorrhage 09/01/2003 - "The cumulative incidence of bleeding events was significantly greater for those participants, compared with participants receiving placebos [hazard ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 to 3.28; P = 0.007]. " 01/01/2015 - "Only reports of conjunctival hemorrhage (18.2 vs. 8.5%) and intraocular pressure elevation (13.2 vs. 4.2%) were significantly different in the DEX versus the sham treatment groups. " 01/01/2008 - "DFO injection resulted in significant increases in HIF-1 protein expression and activity in the brainstems of rats with SAH, compared with the rats with SAH that were given placebos, and the rats without SAH in the double-hemorrhage model. " 08/01/2008 - "In the pivotal study, clinical remission rates (Mayo score 0-2, with scores of 0 on rectal bleeding and 0 or 1 on endoscopic examination) were 17% and 11% for the granulocyte/monocyte apheresis (n = 112)- and sham-treatment groups, respectively (n = 56; P = .361). " 03/01/1995 - "Anesthetized Wistar rats were subjected to hemorrhage (7 ml/kg), blood transfusion (7 ml/kg), or sham treatment. "
4.	Infection 01/01/1983 - "At the trial end point (21.5 months) the attack-rate for all HBV infections together was 4.8% among vaccinees and 23.8% among the placebos (p less than 0.0001). " 05/01/2007 - "Placebos did not prevent infection in any of the explants tested. " 06/01/1992 - " There were 28 Plasmodium falciparum infections among children taking placebos, and none in those given prophylaxis. " 12/01/2008 - "They exhibited 100-fold lower viral titers in nasal washes than placebos 1 day after treatment, but virus titers were equivalent on days 2-7. CV-N has the potential for prophylaxis and early initiation of treatment of influenza virus infections." 01/01/2013 - "'Impure' placebos are interventions with clear efficacy for certain conditions but are prescribed for ailments where their efficacy is unknown, such as antibiotics for suspected viral infections. "
5.	Shock 10/01/1998 - "Published data on the other indications justify prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (sham treatment) trials to confirm efficacy where again the procedure and dosing of shock wave therapy need data-based, rational standardization." 06/01/2005 - "The protocol consisted of three weekly treatments of either low-dose shock wave therapy without anesthetic or a sham treatment. " 12/01/2004 - "Extracorporeal shock waves with energy flux densities between 0 mJ/mm(2) (sham treatment) and 1.2 mJ/mm(2) were applied in vivo to the distal femoral region of rabbits (1500 pulses at 1 Hz frequency each). " 05/01/2002 - "One distal femur of each animal was focussed for shock wave application with different positive energy flux densities (A 1.2 mJ/mm (2), B 0.9 mJ/mm (2), C sham treatment). " 08/01/1980 - "Group-housed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a series of 4 exposures to electroconvulsive shock therapy or equivalent handling without shock (sham treatment). "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
2.	salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)
3.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)
4.	Ibuprofen (Motrin)
5.	Ketorolac
6.	Budesonide (Pulmicort)
7.	Metoclopramide (Reglan)
8.	topiramate (Topamax)
9.	Oxygen
10.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
2.	Acupuncture Points (Acupuncture Point)
3.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy)
4.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis)
5.	Lasers (Laser)