Picrotoxin

A mixture of PICROTOXININ and PICROTIN that is a noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors acting as a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.

Also Known As:

Networked: 687 relevant articles (52 outcomes, 48 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Yakimovskii, A F: 7 articles (04/2011 - 08/2002)
2.	Ojewole, John A O: 6 articles (04/2008 - 12/2005)
3.	Sierra-Marcuño, Germán: 4 articles (10/2007 - 05/2005)
4.	Sierra-Paredes, Germán: 4 articles (10/2007 - 05/2005)
5.	Varshavskaya, V M: 4 articles (10/2007 - 03/2004)
6.	Woode, Eric: 3 articles (01/2021 - 07/2017)
7.	Goel, Rajesh Kumar: 3 articles (04/2017 - 06/2009)
8.	Ya'u, J: 3 articles (09/2016 - 01/2015)
9.	White, H Steve: 3 articles (02/2015 - 05/2007)
10.	Umukoro, Solomon: 3 articles (07/2014 - 02/2010)

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Absence Seizure) 06/01/2008 - "The drug was more potent against PTZ- than against picrotoxin-induced seizures. " 03/28/2019 - "In this study, mice in which epileptic seizures were induced by administering picrotoxin (PTX) were used as a case group, and mice injected with saline were employed as the control group. " 07/01/2009 - "In this study 7 groups of animals pretreated with methanolic extract of the plant (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg/kg/i.p.), 20 minutes prior to the picrotoxin (12 mg/kg/ i.p.)--induced seizures. " 01/01/1990 - "In a dose-response study, the pattern of sex-associated susceptibility to picrotoxin-induced myoclonic, focal, akinetic, and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures was investigated in rats to determine whether the reported heightened susceptibility of females to seizures was a general phenomenon in rats or whether it was limited to specific types of seizures. " 02/01/1989 - "Thus, our study not only indicates an increased incidence of exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles during picrotoxin-induced seizures, but also suggests that these vesicles are replaced in excess from the perikaryon of the granule cell."
2.	Coma (Comas) 04/18/1955 - "[Grave barbituric coma after administration of 800 mg. of picrotoxin and 20 gm. " 07/10/1948 - "Treatment of bituric comas with picrotoxin." 12/02/1949 - "Cure by picrotoxin in slow intravenous infusion, and after 7 days of coma, from intoxication following the absorption of a sleeping pill." 03/11/1949 - "Very severe barbiturate coma cured by picrotoxin." 01/01/1949 - "Barbiturate coma treated and quickly cured by picrotoxin."
3.	Ganglion Cysts (Ganglion) 03/23/2007 - "Application of picrotoxin could evoke the dual-peak responses in transient ganglion cells. " 02/01/2003 - "The effect of GABAergic blockade by picrotoxin on ganglion cells (GC) activity was investigated in perfused dark adapted eyecups of frog (Rana ridibunda). " 09/01/1984 - "Picrotoxin (10(-5) M) did not block transient inhibitory events in any ganglion cells, but did affect other components of their responses. " 08/01/1981 - "Effects of picrotoxin on sensitivity and receptive field properties of ganglion cells in the frog retina." 12/01/1980 - "1. Picrotoxin (PTX) (10(-7)-10(-6) M) completely blocked most inhibitory synapses in the pyloric pattern generator of the lobster (Panulirus interruptus) stomatogastric ganglion. "
4.	Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy (Epilepsy, Tonic Clonic) 01/01/1983 - "Considering the incidence of tonic-clonic convulsions, tolerance to the protective effects of diazepam was evident by day 5 if the mice were challenged with PTZ (120 mg/kg), by day 10 if the challenge was picrotoxin (8 mg/kg) and by day 20 if the challenge was PTZ (105 mg/kg). " 07/01/2014 - "MJ (50-400 mg/kg) did not protect the mice against tonic-clonic convulsions induced by picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or strychnine (3 mg/kg, i.p.). " 06/12/1999 - "The total dose of drug infused prior to either electrical seizures (lidocaine, PTZ, and picrotoxin) or tonic-clonic convulsions (all drugs) were noted. " 01/01/2013 - "However, it did not did not offer any protection against seizure episodes, as it failed to prevent the animals, from exhibiting tonic-clonic convulsions caused by pentylenetetrazole (85 mg/kg, i.p.), strychnine (2 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). " 08/01/2007 - "However, cefazolin (500 or 1000 mg/kg, i.v.) when administered before different doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 40 or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) or picrotoxin (PTX; 4 or 8 mg/kg, i.p.), it produced severe tonic-clonic convulsions in mice. "
5.	Pain (Aches) 12/01/1996 - "In this study, we report the possibility of producing marked electrocorticographic changes and "pain-like" reactions, when the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin is microinjected unilateraly into the rat somato-motor Sml cortex in the region of the hind paw. " 09/26/1994 - "In this study, we reported that the microinjection of the GABAA antagonist picrotoxin into the rat thalamic reticular nucleus produced a 'pain-like' behavior. " 10/01/2021 - "Intra-ACC injection of the GABAAR antagonist picrotoxin induced anxiety-like behaviors but had no effect on pain in normal rats. " 12/01/2011 - "Picrotoxin significantly (P<0.05) increased pain sensitivity in all stages of estrous cycle, and such a hyperalgesic effect was lower during proestrus and estrus stages of estrous cycle than that during metestrus and diestrus stages. " 12/01/1996 - "Picrotoxin produces a "central" pain-like syndrome when microinjected into the somato-motor cortex of the rat."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Pentylenetetrazole (Metrazol)
2.	Bicuculline
3.	Strychnine
4.	Kainic Acid (Kainate)
5.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
6.	Diazepam (Valium)
7.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)
8.	Pilocarpine (Ocusert)
9.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)
10.	Muscimol

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections
2.	Intravenous Administration
3.	Intraperitoneal Injections
4.	Therapeutics
5.	Oral Administration