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Photosensitivity Disorders (Photodermatitis)

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Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.

Also Known As:

Photodermatitis; Chronic Actinic Dermatitis; Photosensitization; Actinic Dermatitides; Actinic Dermatitides, Chronic; Actinic Dermatitis; Actinic Dermatitis, Chronic; Actinic Reticuloid Syndromes; Chronic Actinic Dermatitides; Dermatitides, Actinic; Dermatitides, Chronic Actinic; Dermatitis, Chronic Actinic; Disorder, Photosensitivity; Disorders, Photosensitivity; Photodermatitides; Photosensitivity Disorder; Reticuloid Syndrome, Actinic; Reticuloid Syndromes, Actinic; Syndrome, Actinic Reticuloid; Syndromes, Actinic Reticuloid; Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome; Dermatitis, Actinic

Networked: 1868 relevant articles (53 outcomes, 163 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases
- Skin Diseases: 8226
  - Photosensitivity Disorders: 1868

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
3.	Psoriasis (Pustulosis Palmaris et Plantaris)
4.	Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epidermoid Carcinoma)
5.	Erythema

Experts

1.	Catalfo, Alfio: 10 articles (06/2013 - 09/2002)
2.	Ehrenberg, Benjamin: 9 articles (09/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Lhiaubet-Vallet, Virginie: 8 articles (11/2014 - 02/2004)
4.	Pinter, H: 8 articles (01/2002 - 01/2000)
5.	Smolle-Jüttner, F M: 8 articles (01/2002 - 01/2000)
6.	Cadet, Jean: 7 articles (01/2015 - 04/2005)
7.	Miranda, Miguel A: 7 articles (11/2014 - 09/2002)
8.	Juzeniene, Asta: 7 articles (03/2012 - 09/2006)
9.	Moan, Johan: 7 articles (03/2012 - 01/2006)
10.	Maier, A: 7 articles (10/2001 - 01/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Photosensitivity Disorders:

1.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 07/20/2001 - "ALA-PDT can be improved with the use of ALA derivatives, reducing the amount of ALA necessary to induce efficient photosensitization." 09/07/2005 - "HeLa cells loaded with 2I-BDP could be photosensitized by light illumination, demonstrating that 2I-BDP is potentially useful as a reagent for cell photosensitization, oxidative stress studies, or PDT." 09/01/1990 - "The review summarizes the chemical and photophysical properties of the hypocrellins and their derivatives as well as studies on photosensitization to date at the molecular, cellular and in vivo levels, and their prospects as PDT agents." 12/01/2015 - "However, the non-negligible photosensitization of healthy tissue is a major limitation for the clinical application of PDT. " 01/01/2015 - "The main motivation for this review is to suggest alternatives for achieving high-efficiency PDT protocols, by taking advantage of knowledge on the chemical and biological processes taking place during and after photosensitization. "
2.	protoporphyrin IXIBA 06/01/2000 - "Finally, these results show that the esterification of ALA can greatly increase its cellular uptake, so generating more intracellular PpIX, improved tumour cell photosensitization and enhanced photocytotoxicity." 01/01/2014 - "ALAS2 variants that cause high levels of PPIX accumulation provide a new means of targeted, and potentially enhanced, photosensitization. " 06/01/2007 - "These demonstrated an overall damage to the PSI and PSII reaction centers by (1)O(2) produced in response to photosensitization reaction of protoporphyrin IX in AF-Na-treated cucumber seedlings." 06/01/2007 - "Impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus by oxidative stress induced by photosensitization reaction of protoporphyrin IX." 08/01/2006 - "Photosensitization by protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is accelerated at different irradiation temperatures, different dark incubation temperatures (Tinc) and different irradiation times. "
3.	merocyanine dyeIBA 01/01/1989 - "The Friend virus complex was used as a model to study the effects of merocyanine 540 (MC 540)-mediated photosensitization on enveloped viruses. " 12/01/1989 - "Differential response among cells in the chick embryo myogenic lineage to photosensitization by Merocyanine 540." 03/01/1989 - "The efficacy of photosensitization by merocyanine 540 (MC540), a lipophilic fluorescent dye, was investigated in the murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). " 04/01/1986 - "The purpose of this study was to determine if photosensitization mediated by the fluorescent dye, merocyanine 540, could be used to preferentially kill murine neuroblastoma cells in simulated autologous remission marrow grafts. " 03/01/1989 - "Differential killing of murine B-cell leukemia (BCL1) by photosensitization with merocyanine 540: implications for autologous bone marrow transplantation."
4.	Azathioprine (Imuran)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1989 - "Oral azathioprine therapy is an effective and usually well tolerated treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis." 11/01/1989 - "Oral azathioprine was compared with placebo in a double-blind controlled trial of therapy in chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), a rare eczematous photodermatosis. " 11/01/1989 - "Azathioprine treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis: a double-blind controlled trial with monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation." 06/01/1984 - "Fourteen patients with severe unremitting chronic actinic dermatitis were treated with oral azathioprine in a dosage of 100-200 mg daily for a mean 11.5 months. " 06/01/1984 - "Treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis with azathioprine."
5.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2007 - "Our cases, together with the 10 others reported in the literature, confirm the efficacy of topical tacrolimus in the treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis. " 05/01/2010 - "Treatment with topical tacrolimus favors chronic actinic dermatitis: a clinical and immunopathological study." 10/01/2008 - "[Topical tacrolimus in chronic actinic dermatitis]." 06/01/2007 - "However, the peculiar mechanism of chronic actinic dermatitis with a pronounced imbalance in T-cell subsets raises the question of theoretical risk of carcinogenicity of tacrolimus applications, and this, together with the prolonged duration of treatment, calls for long-term follow-up of chronic actinic dermatitis patients." 06/01/2007 - "[Chronic actinic dermatitis: treatment with topical tacrolimus (two cases)]."
6.	Carotenoids (Carotene)IBA 06/01/1970 - "Failure of conjugated octaene carotenoids to protect a mutant of Sarcina lutea against lethal photosensitization." 01/01/2014 - "Here, we would like to highlight the beneficial (protective) effects of dietary carotenoid intake in exemplary widespread modern civilization diseases, i.e., cancer, cardiovascular or photosensitivity disorders, in the context of carotenoids' unique antioxidative properties. " 01/01/1989 - "In addition to this protection, and potentially of even greater biological importance, is the fact that carotenoids can also serve as antioxidants under conditions other than photosensitization. " 07/01/1982 - "Photosensitization by porphyrins and prevention of photosensitization by carotenoids." 09/01/1988 - "Protection of Ustilago violacea from toluidine blue photosensitization and hydrogen peroxide induced killing and mitotic recombination by carotenes."
7.	IronIBA 05/01/2002 - "The action spectrum for degradation of the D1 protein in thylakoids revealed that photosensitization by nonporphyrin chromophore(s) was apparently associated with near UV to blue light-induced deterioration of PS II. The results are pertinent to the concept that photooxidative damage to PS 11, exacerbated by iron accumulation in thylakoid membranes in the form of Cyt b6/f, is involved in the mechanism of iron toxicity in leaf cells." 10/31/1991 - "Role of iron in the photosensitization by uroporphyrin." 12/01/2007 - "Topical applications of iron chelators in photosensitization." 01/01/2007 - "Photosensitization and the photocurrent switching effect in nanocrystalline titanium dioxide functionalized with iron(II) complexes: a comparative study." 03/01/1997 - "In the presence of iron and ascorbate, lipid free radicals are generated during cellular photosensitization of L1210 cells as detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping techniques. "
8.	Hypochlorous Acid (Hypochlorite)IBA 10/05/2011 - "Comparison of different surface decontamination treatments reveal that photosensitization is much more effective against all surface-attached B.cereus and L.monocytogenes strains than washing with water or 200 ppm Na-hypochlorite. " 12/02/2010 - "Comparison of different surface decontamination treatments reveals that photosensitization is much more effective against both Listeria strains than washing with water or 200ppm Na-hypochlorite. " 12/02/2010 - "Comparative analysis indicates that washing with water diminishes pathogens by less than 1 log, 200ppm Na-hypochlorite by 1.7 log, Na-Chl-based photosensitization by 4.5 log. " 11/01/2010 - "Comparison of different surface decontamination treatments indicates that Na-Chl-based photosensitization is much more effective antibacterial tool than washing with water or 200ppm Na-hypochlorite. "
9.	Singlet OxygenIBA 10/09/2014 - "It is generally accepted that commonly used PSs generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) as the cell-toxic species via type II photosensitization. " 11/18/2013 - "Photosensitization of singlet oxygen and in vivo photodynamic therapeutic effects mediated by PEGylated W(18)O(49) nanowires." 11/01/2013 - "The formation of such aggregates is believed to change the main oxidative mechanism from Type-II (singlet oxygen) to Type-I (free radical) photosensitization. " 08/01/2013 - "Its singlet oxygen quantum yield produced by photosensitization is 0.38, suggesting that SiPcF is an effective 1O2 photosensitizer. " 10/01/2011 - "Our results suggest that a salt-induced photosensitization mechanism can switch from the singlet oxygen to the free-radical pathway."
10.	Dihematoporphyrin Ether (Porfimer Sodium)FDA Link 12/01/1992 - "To study cross-resistance to Photofrin (PF) photosensitization, a Friend leukaemia cell line (ADM-RFLC) with a high level of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and the parental sensitive cell line (FLC) have been used. " 11/01/2001 - "Incubation with Photofrin (PII) alone or photosensitization caused a significant increase in Hsp60 levels in all cell lines as determined by flow cytometry. " 12/01/1999 - "However, we found that the greater the protein content of cells the more they were protected against membrane damage induced by Photofrin photosensitization. " 12/01/1999 - "Site of Photofrin II photosensitization in larvae of Eretmapodites quinquevittatus Theobald." 09/01/1997 - "The susceptibility of Eretmapodites quinquevittatus eggs and larvae to photosensitization with Photofrin II (PII) was determined. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/2011 - "Potential bacterial cell killing was only observed following photosensitization with TBO and 3 j/cm(2) laser exposure (p<0.05), whereas Radachlorin® showed significant reduction in dark condition compared to laser exposure (p<0.05). " 10/01/2006 - "Laser photosensitization was effective for reducing E. " 06/01/2014 - "RB photosensitization using a green laser provides a potential novel treatment for T. " 06/01/2001 - "Preliminary study of two systems without laser illumination or photosensitization]." 04/01/1992 - "The molecular mechanism of photoporphyrin (YHPD)'s photosensitization--laser Raman spectroscopic study of microcosmic and photosensitive damage of YHPD to protein."
2.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 01/01/2010 - "Modulation of photosensitization processes for an improved targeted photodynamic therapy." 02/01/2013 - "2-Bromo-5-hydroxyphenylporphyrins for photodynamic therapy: photosensitization efficiency, subcellular localization and in vivo studies." 07/01/2014 - "Topical photodynamic therapy using different porphyrin precursors leads to differences in vascular photosensitization and vascular damage in normal mouse skin." 06/21/2014 - "The use of light for biomolecule photomodification, historically relevant to biological photosensitization processes and some forms of photochemotherapy, is nowadays becoming more and more important in the development of innovative methods in nanomedicine and biotechnology. " 05/01/2012 - "The results suggest that double photosensitization for synergistic activity enhances the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy in general and for Leishmania in particular."
3.	Ligation 06/01/2006 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration (GBR) on the treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis in different implant surfaces. " 03/01/2003 - "Lethal photosensitization in microbiological treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis: a preliminary study in dogs." 03/01/2003 - "Treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis by lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration: a preliminary histologic study in dogs." 09/01/2001 - "For PDT, immune cell-mediated death receptor ligation may represent a way whereby tumor cells that have withstood the direct effects of photosensitization may be eliminated." 03/01/2003 - "The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the healing potential and reosseointegration in ligature-induced peri-implantitis defects adjacent to various dental implant surfaces following lethal photosensitization. "
4.	Quantum Dots (Quantum Dot) 11/05/2008 - "Quantum dots as enhancers of the efficacy of bacterial lethal photosensitization." 05/01/2006 - "Recent developments in the preparation and photophysical characterization of quantum dot energy transfer processes are also presented in this review, to provide insights on the future direction of quantum dot-based photosensitization studies from the viewpoint of our ongoing research." 06/01/2007 - "Photosensitization of ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots for photovoltaic devices." 05/21/2002 - "Photosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 by self-assembled layers of CdS quantum dots." 05/21/2002 - "CdS quantum dots can be self-assembled on high surface area nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes; spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical studies indicate that the size, and hence the absorption edge, of the CdS particles can be controlled; efficient photosensitization of the TiO2 electrode by the Q-particles has been achieved."
5.	Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 12/01/2009 - "Nevertheless, we consider that clinicians and patients should be aware of the risk of photosensitization and these drugs should be stopped before phototherapy or prolonged sun exposure." 04/01/2006 - "Drug photosensitization appears to be rare during phototherapy, regardless of photosensitizing drug intake. " 04/01/2006 - "To determine the incidence of drug photosensitization during phototherapy. " 04/01/2006 - "Exogenous photosensitization represents one of the adverse effects of phototherapy. " 04/01/2006 - "[Incidence of drug-induced photosensitization during phototherapy]."