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Personality Disorders (Personality Disorder)

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A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.

Also Known As:

Personality Disorder; Narcissistic Personality Disorder; Avoidant Personality Disorder; Avoidant Personality Disorders; Impulse Ridden Personality; Personality Disorder, Avoidant; Personality Disorder, Narcissistic; Personality Disorders, Avoidant; Personality, As If; Personality, Impulse-Ridden; Personality, Inadequate; As If Personality; Impulse-Ridden Personality; Inadequate Personality

Networked: 1168 relevant articles (57 outcomes, 216 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 2989
- Personality Disorders: 1168

Related Diseases

1.	Personality Disorders (Personality Disorder)
2.	Borderline Personality Disorder (Personality Disorders, Borderline)
3.	Phobic Disorders (Phobia)
4.	Agoraphobia
5.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)

Experts

1.	Coccaro, Emil F: 15 articles (05/2015 - 06/2003)
2.	Grant, Bridget F: 13 articles (02/2014 - 04/2004)
3.	Skodol, Andrew E: 12 articles (10/2014 - 03/2003)
4.	Lee, Royce: 10 articles (05/2015 - 10/2003)
5.	Roepke, Stefan: 10 articles (07/2014 - 01/2010)
6.	Siever, Larry J: 10 articles (12/2013 - 10/2003)
7.	Pietrzak, Robert H: 9 articles (07/2015 - 08/2005)
8.	Sareen, Jitender: 8 articles (07/2015 - 01/2009)
9.	Albein-Urios, Natalia: 8 articles (11/2014 - 08/2013)
10.	Miller, Joshua D: 8 articles (09/2014 - 03/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Personality Disorders:

1.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 05/01/2014 - "An evaluation of Knowledge and Understanding Framework personality disorder awareness training: can a co-production model be effective in a local NHS mental health Trust?" 05/01/2007 - "Individuals with persistent personality disorder had markedly poorer functioning and greater impairment at mean age 33 years than did those who had never been identified as having such disorder or who had a personality disorder that was in remission, after co-occurring Axis I disorders at age 33 years were taken into account. " 09/01/2009 - "The presence of a stressful life event or the number of stressful life events did not predict remission from first or second antidepressant drug trial-nor when adjusted for differences in age, gender or prevalence of co-morbid personality disorders. " 12/01/2014 - "Patients with primarily cluster-c personality disorders and co-occurring depression might benefit from additional depression treatment in terms of improved psychosocial functioning. " 02/15/2013 - "The validity of the diagnosis, duration of untreated illness, remission on first-line antidepressant treatment and a number of covariates, including psychiatric co-morbidity, personality disorders and traits, stressful life events prior to onset, and family history of psychiatric illness, were assessed by structured interviews. "
2.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 08/01/2012 - "There is some evidence that atypical antipsychotics are effective for treating symptom domains in personality disorders, in particular psychotic-like symptoms, impulsivity, aggression and anger. " 09/01/2009 - "Preliminary evidence suggests that pharmacological interventions using mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics may be effective for some symptoms of personality disorders. " 09/01/2008 - "Atypical antipsychotics might become a new treatment option for patients with an impaired impulse regulation as seen in cluster B personality disorders (PD). " 09/01/1999 - "Few studies have been conducted in cluster A personality disorders, and some are in favour of the interest of low doses of antipsychotic drugs in this group. " 08/01/2012 - "Given the high rate of comorbidity between personality disorders and axis I disorders, atypical antipsychotics are best used when these symptom domains are prominent and there is a comorbid axis I condition for which an atypical antipsychotic is indicated."
3.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 02/01/1993 - "Although there were no overall differences in compliance rate and efficacy between the three modes of treatment, the psychological treatment methods, particularly self-help, were more effective in patients without personality disorder, and those with personality disorder responded better to drug treatment, primarily antidepressants. " 12/05/2005 - "Clinical studies in personality disorder patients have shown some efficacy for serotonergic antidepressants in reducing irritability and impulsive aggression. " 09/01/1999 - "In anxious personalities (cluster C), some isolated studies suggest a favourable effect of antidepressants on obsessive-compulsive dimension, on avoidant personality disorder, and on inhibition and trait-anxiety, especially when serotoninergic agents are used. " 02/01/2012 - "Generally, antidepressants reduce suicidality, but under special conditions like young age or personality disorder, they can also increase suicidality. " 01/01/2010 - "The patients participated in an extensive interview including the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders and a detailed assessment of medical treatment history using standardised procedures (Treatment Response to Antidepressants Questionnaire, TRAQ). "
4.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "The degree of cortisol suppression was significantly greater for BPD patients (73% ) than for patients with other personality disorder (34 %). " 02/01/2014 - "This functional and dynamic view of cortisol is helpful for interpreting why Tackett and colleagues (2014) appear to observe advantageous cortisol recovery from stress in individuals with elevated personality disorder symptoms. " 01/01/2009 - "This study examined the influence of various forms of childhood abuse on basal cortisol levels in a sample of adults with Axis II personality disorders. " 02/01/2014 - "Cortisol reactivity and recovery in the context of adolescent personality disorder." 02/28/2008 - "Other evidence indicates that ED patients with impulsive clinical features might have enhanced cortisol suppression similar to patients with impulsive personality disorders. "
5.	Valproic Acid (Valproate, Semisodium)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1998 - "For the entire sample, improvement on OAS-M irritability and overt aggression scores was noted by the end of 4 weeks and continued to occur through week 8. This study suggests that divalproex sodium is an effective treatment for impulsive aggressive behavior in some patients with personality disorder who fail to respond to other antiaggressive agents (i.e., SSRIs). " 12/01/2011 - "Mood stabilizers such as valproate may be helpful in instances of poor impulsivity and personality disorders. " 12/01/1998 - "Since patients with other personality disorders also exhibit impulsive aggressive behavior, we conducted a preliminary open-label trial of divalproex sodium as a treatment for irritability and aggression in patients with a variety of personality disorders. " 02/01/2004 - "Divalproex for cluster B personality disorders." 06/01/2003 - "Divalproex in the treatment of impulsive aggression: efficacy in cluster B personality disorders."
6.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1994 - "Overall, these results suggest that fluoxetine may be beneficial in the treatment of certain personality disorder traits in patients with MDD." 08/01/2002 - "Personality disorders (PDs) were assessed among depressed out-patients by clinical interview before and after antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine to assess the degree of stability of PD diagnoses and determine whether changes in PD diagnoses across treatment are related to the degree of improvement in depressive symptoms. " 02/01/2010 - "This is the first study assessing the association between these polymorphisms and anti-impulsive response to fluoxetine in personality disorder. " 12/01/1997 - "Fluoxetine treatment has an antiaggressive effect on impulsive aggressive individuals with DSM-III-R personality disorder." 01/01/1994 - "Personality disorder comorbidity with major depression and response to fluoxetine treatment."
7.	propylene diquat (PDQ(+))IBA 01/01/2004 - "At follow-up, group mean indicated a significant reduction in personality disorder pathology as measured by the PDQ-R. " 11/15/2005 - "In Study 1, 721 consecutively admitted inpatients and outpatients were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+). " 12/01/1991 - "This study was designed to assess personality disorders in bipolar patients using the PDQ-R. " 06/01/1990 - "In the present study, 697 relatives of psychiatric patients and healthy controls were interviewed with the Structured Interview for Personality Disorders (SIDP) and completed the Personality Disorders Questionnaire (PDQ). " 09/01/2014 - "The participants completed the Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) to assess BPD symptomatology. "
8.	A-factor (Streptomyces)IBA 06/01/2012 - "The aim of this research is to add to the current understanding of the latent factor structure of personality disorders by performing a review of the existing literature (Study 1) and a factor analytical study on the factor structure and the relationship between self-reported Axis I and Axis II psychopathology (Study 2). " 06/01/2012 - "Factor structure of self-reported clinical disorders and personality disorders: a review of the existing literature and a factor analytical study." 05/01/1988 - "The authors describe the replication of Kass et al.'s study where a factor analysis of scaled ratings of DSM-III personality disorders yielded groupings similar to those described in DSM-III. In this replication the authors used scaled ratings from a nationwide sample of psychiatrists on 358 patients. " 01/01/1993 - "The heterogeneity of an eating disordered population, especially regarding the comorbidity of eating pathology and personality disorder, is also a factor. " 06/01/1990 - "A factor analysis of the entire item set of the DSM-III criteria was conducted to determine the extent to which the factors that emerged corresponded to the 11 personality disorders and three clusters included in DSM-III. Data were obtained from 552 patients who completed a self-report personality questionnaire and from 287 psychiatrists who rated their patients. "
9.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1994 - "Eleven patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for at least one personality disorder were treated with sertraline in an open clinical trial with a flexible dosing schedule. " 12/01/2010 - "As result of this study it appears that Olanzapine and Sertraline are definitely effective in alleviating symptoms of patients with personality disorder, prescribing theses drugs are recommended for these patients." 09/01/1998 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of DSM-III-R personality disorders in depressed patients treated in primary care, and to examine the effect of sertraline or citalopram on the diagnosis of personality disorders. " 05/01/2003 - "The presence of Axis II personality disorder comorbidity did not appear to reduce functional and quality-of-life improvements among patients responding to acute treatment with sertraline or imipramine. " 05/01/2003 - "Chronic depression and comorbid personality disorders: response to sertraline versus imipramine."
10.	pamidronate (APD)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "The aim of this preliminary study was to examine whether individuals with avoidant personality disorder (APD) could be characterized by deficits in the classification of dynamically presented facial emotional expressions. " 12/01/2008 - "This study sought to identify, among a sample of 224 community residents with DSM-diagnosed personality disorder (PD), those personality and criminal history features associated with a combination of antisocial and borderline PDs (APD/BPD). " 10/01/2008 - "The results from our study showed a significant difference in self-esteem level between the two personality disorders, patients with APD reporting lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. " 01/01/2008 - "In this study, we examined whether borderline and avoidant personality disorders (BPD, APD) may be differentiated by deficits in different social domains and whether disorganization of social domain functioning uniquely characterizes BPD. " 01/01/2008 - "Treatment studies have reported mixed results but generally show that patients with APD make progress that is often comparable to drug-dependent patients without the personality disorder. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2003 - "The results--showing that significantly greater improvements on a number of outcome indicators were found in patients exposed to the psychoanalytically informed treatment programmes compared to a general psychiatric approach based on management and pharmacotherapy alone--underscores the importance and the centrality of the psychoanalytic input in the treatment of severe personality disorders. " 10/01/1993 - "In general, pharmacotherapy for axis I disorders is less effective in the presence of a comorbid personality disorder. " 11/01/2005 - "Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in depressed patients with and without personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 05/01/2003 - "Efficacy of combined therapy and pharmacotherapy for depressed patients with or without personality disorders." 01/01/2010 - "The PubMed, PsychINFO, PiCarta, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched using the search terms borderline personality, schizotypal personality, personality disorder, cluster A, cluster B, treatment, drug, pharmacotherapy, antipsychotic, antidepressant, mood stabilizer, effect, outcome, review, and meta-analysis for studies published between 1980 and December 2007, and references were identified from bibliographies from articles and books. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1994 - "While patients no longer meeting criteria for cluster B personality disorders after treatment had similar reductions in depressive symptoms compared to those maintaining the diagnoses, subjects no longer meeting criteria for cluster A and cluster C diagnoses after treatment exhibited significantly greater decreases in depression severity than those who maintained the diagnoses. " 03/01/2014 - "The primary outcome was recovery from personality disorder 3 years after treatment started (assessed by blinded interviewers). " 06/01/2010 - "Patients were treated for 16-20 weeks and completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders Questionnaire (SCID-II/PQ) and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression immediately before and after treatment. " 05/01/2008 - "Patients with personality disorders should be monitored after treatment for psychiatric symptoms." 05/01/2008 - "Patients were diagnosed with personality disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) personality questionnaire and SCID-II interview, and were then administered a self-report questionnaire designed to measure symptoms of psychiatric illness, the Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90), during and five years after treatment. "
3.	Length of Stay 06/01/1989 - "There was a significant reduction in rates of readmission, and mean length of stay in hospital was reduced for all groups of patients except patients with a diagnosis of neurosis or personality disorder. " 11/01/2011 - "Predictive variables for time to RTW were length of stay (LOS) at the burn center and fulfilling criteria for Any personality disorder. " 09/01/2011 - "Personality disorder was associated with increased rates of relapse and readmission in the whole sample and in the older group, but not increased length of stay. " 11/01/1998 - "The factors associated with an increased risk of multiple readmissions were: previous admissions, long length of stay (LOS) and diagnosis of psychosis or personality disorder. " 03/01/1985 - "Comparing patient-predicted to actual length of stay of 127 general psychiatric inpatients, the authors found excessive length of stay among demented geriatric patients and young patients with personality disorders. "
4.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 01/01/1998 - "Measures of personality disorder and cognitive, affective, social, interpersonal, medical, socioeconomic factors, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) status were administered to 47 elderly patients at various levels of remission from major depression. " 01/01/2015 - "Of these variables, comorbidity, personality disorder, age (heterogeneous age ranges), neurotic symptoms, female gender, a marital status of divorced, separated or widowed, non-white ethnicity, high previous HSU and activities of daily living, were associated with increased HSU. " 01/01/1995 - "Depressed and nondepressed patients had a similar frequency of family and personal histories of depression, a similar frequency of personality disorders before the onset of depression, and no significant differences in cognitive deficits and impairment in activities of daily living. "
5.	Nursing Care 10/05/1978 - "Nursing care study: personality disorder." 05/06/1976 - "Nursing care study: personality disorder." 08/01/2007 - "This paper provides a commentary upon the nursing care of individuals diagnosed with personality disorder and associated education courses. " 03/01/1998 - "Nursing care of personality disorders in the medical surgery setting." 12/06/1979 - "Nursing care study: a personality disorder in an adolescent with cerebral palsy."