Personality Disorders (Personality Disorder)

A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.

Also Known As:

Personality Disorder; Avoidant Personality Disorder; Avoidant Personality Disorders; Impulse Ridden Personality; Personality Disorder, Avoidant; Personality Disorders, Avoidant; Personality, Impulse-Ridden; Personality, Inadequate; Impulse-Ridden Personality; Inadequate Personality

Networked: 1576 relevant articles (88 outcomes, 259 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Mental Disorders: 24177
- Personality Disorders: 1576

Related Diseases

1.	Personality Disorders (Personality Disorder)
2.	Feeding and Eating Disorders (Eating Disorder)
3.	Social Phobia
4.	Psychotic Disorders (Schizoaffective Disorder)
5.	Agoraphobia

Experts

1.	Coccaro, Emil F: 19 articles (01/2020 - 06/2003)
2.	Grant, Bridget F: 14 articles (11/2019 - 07/2006)
3.	Krueger, Robert F: 13 articles (01/2021 - 10/2005)
4.	Fossati, Andrea: 12 articles (01/2021 - 02/2004)
5.	Siever, Larry J: 12 articles (12/2013 - 06/2002)
6.	Dimaggio, Giancarlo: 11 articles (11/2022 - 02/2008)
7.	Lee, Royce: 11 articles (02/2015 - 10/2003)
8.	Arntz, Arnoud: 10 articles (08/2022 - 02/2003)
9.	McMurran, Mary: 10 articles (12/2020 - 01/2005)
10.	Albein-Urios, Natalia: 10 articles (01/2019 - 08/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Personality Disorders:

1.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 05/01/2003 - "Overall, the presence of Axis II personality disorder comorbidity had minimal-to-no effect on the ability to achieve either an antidepressant response or remission and had inconsistent effects on time to response. " 02/01/1993 - "Although there were no overall differences in compliance rate and efficacy between the three modes of treatment, the psychological treatment methods, particularly self-help, were more effective in patients without personality disorder, and those with personality disorder responded better to drug treatment, primarily antidepressants. " 01/01/2010 - "Comorbid personality disorder was associated with a 2.2-times (95% CI: 1.1-4.2) increased risk of non-remission following the first antidepressant trial, whereas no effect was found following the second antidepressant trial (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.8-3.4). " 09/01/2009 - "The presence of a stressful life event or the number of stressful life events did not predict remission from first or second antidepressant drug trial-nor when adjusted for differences in age, gender or prevalence of co-morbid personality disorders. " 12/05/2005 - "Clinical studies in personality disorder patients have shown some efficacy for serotonergic antidepressants in reducing irritability and impulsive aggression. "
2.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 07/01/2021 - "Second-generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers have been found to be effective for some personality disorders in the general adult population, but no such studies have been conducted with older adults." 08/01/2012 - "There is some evidence that atypical antipsychotics are effective for treating symptom domains in personality disorders, in particular psychotic-like symptoms, impulsivity, aggression and anger. " 09/01/2009 - "Preliminary evidence suggests that pharmacological interventions using mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics may be effective for some symptoms of personality disorders. " 09/01/2008 - "Atypical antipsychotics might become a new treatment option for patients with an impaired impulse regulation as seen in cluster B personality disorders (PD). " 09/01/1999 - "Few studies have been conducted in cluster A personality disorders, and some are in favour of the interest of low doses of antipsychotic drugs in this group. "
3.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 06/01/1997 - "If this is due to a common pathogenetic mechanism, it could explain why SSRIs are effective in both depression and some personality disorders." 03/01/2011 - "The specific aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of a 6 week therapeutic program designed for social phobia (SSRIs and CBT) in patients suffering from social phobia with comorbid personality disorder (17 patients) and social phobia without comorbid personality disorder (18 patients). " 12/01/2002 - "This recommendation is based on positive findings in at least 10 open studies and one small double-blind study of SSRIs for patients with borderline personality disorder and one study of impulsive aggressive patients with different personality disorders. " 01/01/2009 - "Social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share several similarities: both are categorized as anxiety disorders, avoidant personality disorder and depression are common in both, they have a similar age of onset and course, and both disorders respond to treatments with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy. " 01/01/2002 - "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed for many conditions other than depression, such as anxiety disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, pain syndromes, impulse control disorders, and personality disorders, some of which are more common in women. "
4.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "The degree of cortisol suppression was significantly greater for BPD patients (73% ) than for patients with other personality disorder (34 %). " 02/01/2014 - "This functional and dynamic view of cortisol is helpful for interpreting why Tackett and colleagues (2014) appear to observe advantageous cortisol recovery from stress in individuals with elevated personality disorder symptoms. " 01/01/2009 - "This study examined the influence of various forms of childhood abuse on basal cortisol levels in a sample of adults with Axis II personality disorders. " 11/01/2020 - "Abnormal cortisol awakening responses in patients with neurotic and personality disorders admitted for psychotherapy in day hospital." 02/01/2014 - "Cortisol reactivity and recovery in the context of adolescent personality disorder."
5.	Valproic Acid (Depakote)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2011 - "Mood stabilizers such as valproate may be helpful in instances of poor impulsivity and personality disorders. " 12/01/1998 - "Since patients with other personality disorders also exhibit impulsive aggressive behavior, we conducted a preliminary open-label trial of divalproex sodium as a treatment for irritability and aggression in patients with a variety of personality disorders. " 02/01/2004 - "Divalproex for cluster B personality disorders." 06/01/2003 - "Divalproex in the treatment of impulsive aggression: efficacy in cluster B personality disorders." 04/01/2003 - "Although more of the valproate responders than nonresponders had EEG abnormalities, the presence of nonepileptiform EEG abnormalities was not a statistically significant (X2 = 0.213, df = 1, p = 0.64) predictor of valproate response in personality disorder patients with aggression."
6.	3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA)IBA 06/01/2012 - "HAM-17 score change was unrelated to differences in the number of symptoms of personality disorders from baseline to follow-up, nor was remission from MDE on follow-up. " 06/01/2012 - "We examined the stability of personality disorder diagnoses during and then after a major depressive episode (MDE). " 02/01/2008 - "Preceding dysthymic disorder (p = .028), cluster C personality disorder (p = .041), and longer MDE duration prior to entry (p = .011) were the most significant predictors of longer time in achieving full remission. " 01/01/1999 - "The early-onset patients had a significantly longer index MDE, significantly higher rates of personality disorders and lifetime substance use disorders, and a significantly greater proportion had a family history of mood disorder. " 05/01/2012 - "Most depressive symptoms, family psychiatric history, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders, and personality disorders were more frequent-and number of depressive symptoms per MDE was higher-among subjects with BD-I, followed by BD-II, and MDD. "
7.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1994 - "Overall, these results suggest that fluoxetine may be beneficial in the treatment of certain personality disorder traits in patients with MDD." 02/01/2010 - "This is the first study assessing the association between these polymorphisms and anti-impulsive response to fluoxetine in personality disorder. " 01/01/1993 - "This paper illustrates the advantages of time series analysis in documenting treatment effects through a case study of a trial of fluoxetine in a borderline woman being treated in a long-term inpatient unit for severe personality disorders. " 12/01/1997 - "Fluoxetine treatment has an antiaggressive effect on impulsive aggressive individuals with DSM-III-R personality disorder." 01/01/1994 - "Personality disorder comorbidity with major depression and response to fluoxetine treatment."
8.	propylene diquat (PDQ(+))IBA 01/01/2004 - "At follow-up, group mean indicated a significant reduction in personality disorder pathology as measured by the PDQ-R. " 11/15/2005 - "In Study 1, 721 consecutively admitted inpatients and outpatients were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+). " 12/01/1991 - "This study was designed to assess personality disorders in bipolar patients using the PDQ-R. " 06/01/1990 - "In the present study, 697 relatives of psychiatric patients and healthy controls were interviewed with the Structured Interview for Personality Disorders (SIDP) and completed the Personality Disorders Questionnaire (PDQ). " 12/01/2020 - "To evaluate the reliability and convergent validity of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (SCID-5-AMPD) Module I and Module II, 88 adult psychotherapy participants were administered the Italian translations of the SCID-5-AMPD Module I and Module II, Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form (LPFS-BF), Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self Report (LPFS-SF), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD) relying on a Williams crossover design. "
9.	A-factor (Streptomyces)IBA 06/01/2012 - "The aim of this research is to add to the current understanding of the latent factor structure of personality disorders by performing a review of the existing literature (Study 1) and a factor analytical study on the factor structure and the relationship between self-reported Axis I and Axis II psychopathology (Study 2). " 06/01/2012 - "Factor structure of self-reported clinical disorders and personality disorders: a review of the existing literature and a factor analytical study." 05/01/1988 - "The authors describe the replication of Kass et al.'s study where a factor analysis of scaled ratings of DSM-III personality disorders yielded groupings similar to those described in DSM-III. In this replication the authors used scaled ratings from a nationwide sample of psychiatrists on 358 patients. " 01/01/2019 - "Personality disorder diagnosis increases rate of readmission by a factor of 8.7 (s.e. " 01/01/1993 - "The heterogeneity of an eating disordered population, especially regarding the comorbidity of eating pathology and personality disorder, is also a factor. "
10.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1994 - "Eleven patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for at least one personality disorder were treated with sertraline in an open clinical trial with a flexible dosing schedule. " 10/01/2015 - "Here, we describe a patient with a diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder and depression who developed severe mandibular dystonia with sertraline in the absence of concurrent prescription of medications, which have potential action on the dopaminergic system. " 12/01/2010 - "As result of this study it appears that Olanzapine and Sertraline are definitely effective in alleviating symptoms of patients with personality disorder, prescribing theses drugs are recommended for these patients." 09/01/1998 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of DSM-III-R personality disorders in depressed patients treated in primary care, and to examine the effect of sertraline or citalopram on the diagnosis of personality disorders. " 05/01/2003 - "The presence of Axis II personality disorder comorbidity did not appear to reduce functional and quality-of-life improvements among patients responding to acute treatment with sertraline or imipramine. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2017 - "We set out to conduct a scoping review in order to describe which psychological therapies appear most effective in treating depression and/or anxiety in patients with co-morbid personality disorder. " 09/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Cognitive Evolutionary Therapy (CET) in an intensive short residential treatment of a wide range of severe personality disorders (PDs) that resulted in a reduction of social functioning and significant personal distress. " 03/01/2008 - "After a 1-year follow-up, the percentage of remission significantly varied between sociodemographic subgroups and was dependent on severity of symptoms, personality disorder, and psychosocial factors but not on psychiatric history, previous psychiatric treatment, or type of therapy received. " 09/01/1999 - "We conclude by looking at which questions could benefit from further study and recommend that more data be gathered regarding (a) the differences between the many different forms of STDP; (b) the efficacy of these forms of therapies for specific disorders, including personality disorders; (c) the essential theoretically relevant processes occurring in those treatments; (d) matching patients to different therapies; (e) the interrelations between different therapeutic processes; and (f) the different strategies for teaching STDP." 02/01/2013 - "Cognitive analytic therapy is a time-limited, integrative psychotherapy, which appears to be effective for a range of personality disorders and superior to treatment as usual. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2003 - "The results--showing that significantly greater improvements on a number of outcome indicators were found in patients exposed to the psychoanalytically informed treatment programmes compared to a general psychiatric approach based on management and pharmacotherapy alone--underscores the importance and the centrality of the psychoanalytic input in the treatment of severe personality disorders. " 10/01/1993 - "In general, pharmacotherapy for axis I disorders is less effective in the presence of a comorbid personality disorder. " 11/01/2005 - "Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in depressed patients with and without personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "This article aims to critically discuss research trends in clinical trials of personality disorders in general and BPD in particular, to highlight topics that deserve closer attention, and to give recommendations for the design and conduct of future psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy studies in the field. " 01/01/2010 - "Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for severe personality disorders: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1994 - "While patients no longer meeting criteria for cluster B personality disorders after treatment had similar reductions in depressive symptoms compared to those maintaining the diagnoses, subjects no longer meeting criteria for cluster A and cluster C diagnoses after treatment exhibited significantly greater decreases in depression severity than those who maintained the diagnoses. " 01/01/2023 - "Life stories of patients with personality disorders before and after treatment: Change and stability in agency and communion." 03/01/2014 - "The primary outcome was recovery from personality disorder 3 years after treatment started (assessed by blinded interviewers). " 06/01/2010 - "Patients were treated for 16-20 weeks and completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders Questionnaire (SCID-II/PQ) and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression immediately before and after treatment. " 05/01/2008 - "Patients with personality disorders should be monitored after treatment for psychiatric symptoms."
4.	Art Therapy 01/01/2018 - "Despite the use of art therapy in clinical practice, its appreciation and reported beneficial results, no instruments are available to measure specific effects of art therapy among patients with personality disorders cluster B/C in multidisciplinary treatment. " 01/01/2020 - "Art therapy is widely used and effective in the treatment of patients diagnosed with Personality Disorders (PDs). " 01/01/2018 - "Multidisciplinary treatment programs for patients with personality disorders (PDs) often include art therapy, but the efficacy of this intervention has hardly been evaluated. " 01/01/2018 - "Efficacy of Art Therapy in Individuals With Personality Disorders Cluster B/C: A Randomized Controlled Trial." 01/01/2022 - "Dealing with opposites as a mechanism of change in art therapy in personality disorders: A mixed methods study."
5.	Length of Stay 06/01/1989 - "There was a significant reduction in rates of readmission, and mean length of stay in hospital was reduced for all groups of patients except patients with a diagnosis of neurosis or personality disorder. " 01/01/2015 - "An integrated treatment for severe personality disorders could be effective in preventing reliance on readmissions, or prolonged hospital stays, when it is implemented by clinicians in ordinary clinical settings." 10/01/2020 - "In adds, for the overall readmission, compulsory index admission and higher education (this lasts as in RP30dd group) were protective factors; whereas higher length of stay (as for readmission within 31-180 days) and a diagnosis of Personality Disorder were risk factors. " 12/01/2019 - "[Descriptive examination of inpatient stays of patients with emotionally unstable personality disorder in Austria between 2001 and 2016 with special consideration of age, gender and length of stay]." 01/01/2019 - "Median length of stay was one-sixth as long as the national rate, but readmission rates were higher than the national mean because of the model's innovative approach to managing treatment of patients with personality disorders. "