Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

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Networked: 2503 relevant articles (88 outcomes, 165 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Lee, H Thomas: 8 articles (12/2013 - 12/2004)
2.	Kim, Mihwa: 7 articles (12/2013 - 04/2007)
3.	D'Agati, Vivette D: 6 articles (12/2013 - 09/2007)
4.	Mittlmeier, Thomas: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)
5.	Gierer, Philip: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)
6.	Gradl, Georg: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)
7.	Vollmar, Brigitte: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)
8.	Myhrer, Trond: 6 articles (10/2006 - 06/2003)
9.	Aas, Pål: 6 articles (10/2006 - 06/2003)
10.	Pantaleo, Tito: 5 articles (12/2015 - 11/2002)

Related Diseases

1.	Seizures (Seizure) 09/01/1975 - "Protection against maximal electroshock convulsions, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping-time and reduction of spontaneous motor activity were the effects measured. " 10/03/2014 - "In addition, pentobarbital prevented the generation of seizures, but did not reverse the decrease of body temperature after FS. " 05/01/2014 - "His seizures required continuous pentobarbital sodium infusion to be controlled. " 03/01/2014 - "Four days after starting eTNS, the pentobarbital infusion was finally weaned, and his EEG revealed no further seizures. " 03/01/2014 - "Although a burst suppression pattern was achieved with a continuous pentobarbital infusion, seizures returned following attempts to taper it. "
2.	Ischemia 02/27/1995 - "Although treatment with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) 30 min before ischemia provided complete protection against hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell death, pentobarbital failed to improve the decrements of ACh release and the low ChAT immunoreactivity over the test period. " 09/19/1994 - "A histological study also showed that pentobarbital afforded neuronal protection against the damage to the brain except for the hippocampal CA1 sector 7 days after ischemia. " 01/01/1981 - "The control animals treated with pentobarbital received less protection against ischemia although blood levels were similar to those of the experimental groups during the period of vascular occlusion." 01/14/2013 - "All experiments were performed on male Wistar rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium given intraperitoneally at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Ex vivo vascularly perfused rat intestine was subjected to 60-min ischemia and either 30-min reperfusion with isotonic buffer (controls), or 5 min with HTS of 365 or 415 mOsm/L osmolarity (HTS(365mOsm) or HTS(415mOsm), respectively) followed by 25-min reperfusion with isotonic buffer. " 01/01/2008 - "In pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs, ischemia/reperfusion was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 20 min and releasing it for 60 min, respectively. "
3.	Hypothermia 01/01/1981 - "PNT, 50 mg/kg reduced K+ accumulation more effectively than either pentobarbital or hypothermia, whose protective effects are likely explained by a different mechanism (i.e., reduced cerebral metabolic rate). " 11/01/1991 - "In pharmacological studies using mice, CBDD and 1S,2R-epoxy-CBD-2',6'-diacetate produced hypothermia, and CBD, CBDM and CBEM prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep. " 09/01/2013 - "Prior to initiation of hypothermia, four children (80%) received pentobarbital infusions to treat RSE, but relapsed after pentobarbital discontinuation. " 12/01/2010 - "The 100mg/kg dose decreased both treadmill performance and locomotor activity, caused hypothermia, and potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep. " 01/01/2007 - "Male Wistar rats (n = 88) were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital sodium and assigned to one of two protocols: one representing moderate hypothermia (30 degrees -32 degrees C) and the other representing mild hypothermia (33 degrees -35 degrees C). "
4.	Shock 04/01/1987 - "This study was undertaken to evaluate the fluctuations of cardiac parameters in a baboon model during pentobarbitone anaesthesia which will serve as a baseline control for shock studies. " 02/01/2010 - "Pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar Kyoto rats were submitted to endotoxemic shock induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg IV). " 07/01/1999 - "Three rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate intragastric infusions of pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) from saline infusions under a FR5 schedule of stimulus-shock termination. " 09/12/1997 - "Extracellular recordings were made in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and adjacent reticular formation following single-shock stimulation of the anterior ethmoidal nerve (AEN) and during sneeze evoked by repetitive stimulation of the AEN in nembutal-anaesthetized, curarized and ventilated cats. " 09/01/1994 - "In pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, a computerized system determined the FCL from the fibrillation event, computed the desired double-pulse (DP) shock separation, and immediately delivered the DP shocks. "
5.	Status Epilepticus (Complex Partial Status Epilepticus) 06/01/2014 - "Two patients received pentobarbital for refractory partial status epilepticus. " 01/01/2014 - "Is pentobarbital safe and efficacious in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a cohort study." 06/01/2012 - "The purpose of this retrospective medical chart review was to describe dosing regimens and outcomes in children who received continuous pentobarbital therapy for refractory status epilepticus. " 06/01/2012 - "Continuous infusion pentobarbital for refractory status epilepticus in children." 01/01/2009 - "Massive tongue swelling in refractory status epilepticus treated with high-dose pentobarbital."

Related Drugs and Biologics

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2.	Diazepam (Valium)
3.	Isoflurane
4.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
5.	Picrotoxin
6.	Ketamine
7.	Morphine (MS Contin)
8.	Dizocilpine Maleate (Dizocilpine)
9.	Phenobarbital (Luminal)
10.	barbituric acid (barbiturate)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia
2.	Ligation
3.	Intravenous Infusions
4.	Vagotomy
5.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation)