Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2685 relevant articles (90 outcomes, 184 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Lee, H Thomas: 8 articles (12/2013 - 12/2004)
2.	Poliacek, Ivan: 7 articles (01/2022 - 02/2008)
3.	Kim, Mihwa: 7 articles (12/2013 - 04/2007)
4.	Jakus, Jan: 6 articles (01/2021 - 02/2008)
5.	Bongianni, Fulvia: 6 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
6.	Mutolo, Donatella: 6 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
7.	Pantaleo, Tito: 6 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
8.	D'Agati, Vivette D: 6 articles (12/2013 - 09/2007)
9.	Gierer, Philip: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)
10.	Gradl, Georg: 6 articles (03/2013 - 02/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Ischemia 02/27/1995 - "Although treatment with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) 30 min before ischemia provided complete protection against hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell death, pentobarbital failed to improve the decrements of ACh release and the low ChAT immunoreactivity over the test period. " 01/01/1981 - "The control animals treated with pentobarbital received less protection against ischemia although blood levels were similar to those of the experimental groups during the period of vascular occlusion." 09/19/1994 - "A histological study also showed that pentobarbital afforded neuronal protection against the damage to the brain except for the hippocampal CA1 sector 7 days after ischemia. " 12/10/2020 - "Anaesthetized rats (pentobarbital, 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally) were subjected in vivo to 15-min cardiac ischemia by left coronary artery occlusion and then reperfusion, with arrhythmias detected by electrocardiogram. " 01/01/2008 - "In pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs, ischemia/reperfusion was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 20 min and releasing it for 60 min, respectively. "
2.	Hypothermia 01/01/1981 - "PNT, 50 mg/kg reduced K+ accumulation more effectively than either pentobarbital or hypothermia, whose protective effects are likely explained by a different mechanism (i.e., reduced cerebral metabolic rate). " 09/22/2020 - "The overall mortality rate in our study was 50%; with 60% mortality in pentobarbital/hypothermia only group, and 46% mortality in surgery plus pentobarbital/hypothermia group. " 11/01/1991 - "In pharmacological studies using mice, CBDD and 1S,2R-epoxy-CBD-2',6'-diacetate produced hypothermia, and CBD, CBDM and CBEM prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep. " 09/22/2020 - "Conclusion Prolonged cooling time >7 hours was associated with a 10.5-fold increase in mortality and ICP>25 mmHg prior to initiation of pentobarbital and hypothermia is suggestive of a poor response to treatment. " 09/22/2020 - "There was no statistically significant difference in mean ICP after 24 hours after pentobarbital/hypothermia protocol in survivors vs non-survivors. "
3.	Coma (Comas) 10/01/2016 - "Recognizing and preventing major and minor adverse effects of prolonged pentobarbital coma may increase good outcomes. " 12/01/2023 - "The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentobarbital coma with respect to ICP management and long-term functional outcome. " 10/01/2016 - "This study retrospectively reviewed direct and indirect medical and surgical pentobarbital coma. " 08/01/1986 - "The clinical application of a computer system to research and patient care in a selected research population, the pentobarbital coma study group, is described. " 12/01/2023 - "Groups diverged nearly immediately upon pentobarbital coma initiation with a higher proportion of controlled ICPs for patients with follow-up GCS of 15. "
4.	Seizures (Absence Seizure) 01/01/2022 - "She was diagnosed with a pathogenic variant in PCDH19 The patient required 5 antiseizure medications and pentobarbital-induced burst suppression for control of seizures. " 01/01/2016 - "Multiple attempts at weaning pentobarbital failed because of recurrence of seizures. " 10/03/2014 - "In addition, pentobarbital prevented the generation of seizures, but did not reverse the decrease of body temperature after FS. " 05/01/2014 - "His seizures required continuous pentobarbital sodium infusion to be controlled. " 03/01/2014 - "Four days after starting eTNS, the pentobarbital infusion was finally weaned, and his EEG revealed no further seizures. "
5.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia) 01/01/2017 - "Taken together, these results suggest that DCA potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the activation of GABAA-ergic systems, and can be useful in the treatment of insomnia." 04/01/2016 - "To further explore the effect of Banxia Houpo decoction on known or unknown biological pathways during treatment of insomnia, the metabonomics method based on ¹H-NMR was developed for detecting the significant changes in metabolomics after the administration with Banxia Houpo decoction in pentobarbital sodium-induced rat sleeping experiment. " 06/01/2020 - "Compared with the model group, PT increased the body weight, improved memory ability, and prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep time of aged insomnia rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05). " 07/01/2023 - "It was observed that rats with stress insomnia showed significant weight loss, and less sleep quality in pentobarbital sodium induced sleep test and electroencephalogram detection. " 01/01/2020 - "A pentobarbital-induced animal model of insomnia showed that MSZRD shortened sleep latency and prolonged sleep time of the male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice treated for 7 days with oral MSZRD. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Diazepam (Valium)
2.	Isoflurane
3.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
4.	Sodium
5.	Ketamine
6.	Anesthetics (Anesthetic Agents)
7.	Morphine (MS Contin)
8.	Dizocilpine Maleate (Dizocilpine)
9.	barbituric acid (barbiturate)
10.	Midazolam (Versed)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Ligation
4.	Intravenous Infusions
5.	Induced Hypothermia