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Pentamidine (NebuPent)

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Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.

Also Known As:

NebuPent; Pentam; Pentamidine Isethionate; Pentacarinat; American Pharmaceutical Partners Brand 1 of Pentamidine Isethionate; American Pharmaceutical Partners Brand 2 of Pentamidine Isethionate; Aventis Brand of Pentamidine Isethionate; Diamidine; GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Pentamidine Isethionate; JHC Brand of Pentamidine Isethionate; Lomidine; Pentamidin; Pentamidine Mesylate; Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Brand of Pentamidine Isethionate; Sicor Brand of Pentamidine Isethionate; Benzenecarboximidamide, 4,4'-(1,5-pentanediylbis(oxy))bis-

Networked: 932 relevant articles (79 outcomes, 83 trials/studies)

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Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amidines: 11
  - Benzamidines: 4
    - Pentamidine: 932

Experts

1.	Boykin, David W: 12 articles (08/2015 - 06/2006)
2.	Tidwell, Richard R: 10 articles (02/2015 - 06/2006)
3.	Brun, Reto: 10 articles (02/2015 - 07/2005)
4.	Wenzler, Tanja: 7 articles (08/2014 - 08/2007)
5.	Ismail, Mohamed A: 5 articles (08/2015 - 06/2006)
6.	Kumar, Arvind: 4 articles (08/2015 - 04/2007)
7.	Wilson, W David: 4 articles (12/2010 - 08/2007)
8.	Barrett, Michael P: 4 articles (12/2010 - 05/2003)
9.	Cotrim, Paulo C: 4 articles (09/2008 - 08/2003)
10.	Coelho, Adriano C: 4 articles (09/2008 - 08/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia) 03/01/1991 - "Our retrospective study for ultrasonic nebulised pentamidine in 13 patients shows that 7 of 8 patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), proven by biopsy examination, were cured (recovery rate, 88%). " 04/01/1990 - "Two patients on suspicion of beginning pneumocystis carinii pneumonia improved their clinical and radiological state with higher dosages of pentamidine. " 05/01/1994 - "The therapeutic efficacy of nebulised pentamidine in the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) depends on the absolute pulmonary deposition of the drug. " 06/01/1990 - "We have recently demonstrated that substitution of imidazoline moieties for the amidine groups of pentamidine produces a molecule that is effective against rat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that is apparently less toxic than pentamidine. " 07/01/1989 - "Pentamidine is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. "
2.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 06/01/1991 - "Intermittent therapy with aerosol pentamidine is highly effective and well tolerated as secondary prophylaxis for AIDS-related P. " 05/01/1993 - "As PcP prophylaxis with pentamidine aerosol is effective in patients with AIDS, we conducted a prospective trial with regular inhalations of pentamidine. " 10/01/1992 - "Since the prophylaxis of PcP with pentamidine-aerosol proved to be effective in patients with AIDS, we conducted a prospective trial with regular inhalations of pentamidine. " 04/01/1990 - "The sample size is too small to draw definitive conclusions concerning the efficacy of pentamidine aerosol in AIDS patients." 07/01/1994 - "A total of 121 HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts < or = 200 x 10(6)/l or an AIDS diagnosis were enrolled in a controlled study of aerosolized pentamidine as primary PCP prophylaxis. "
3.	Infection 07/01/2006 - "Compound 100 was highly efficacious against the infection at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, with > 1,000-fold reductions in burden, and resulted in improved survival curves versus those for pentamidine-treated mice (at the same doses). " 08/01/2010 - "Exception to this is infection with L guyanensis in French Guiana where systemic pentamidine is suggested as first-line treatment. " 02/01/1992 - "The in vitro infection could be cured readily with 80 micrograms/mL of SSG and 4 micrograms/mL of pentamidine in macrophages from normal animals. " 07/01/1990 - "From the promising activity exhibited by the pentamidine analogs in this in vitro study and their potential for reduced toxicity relative to the parent drug, pentamidine-related compounds hold promise as new agents for the treatment of protozoal infections." 11/15/2015 - "The cytotoxic effect of the best active natural product was evaluated on mouse peritoneal infected macrophages (IC50 = 0.47 ± 0.03 µg/ml in 24 h of culture), and the treatment revealed that DCTN never reaches toxic concentrations while reducing the infection and, most importantly, with no toxicity (>100 µg/ml with 0% of macrophage kill) when compared to pentamidine (37.5 µg/ml with 100% of macrophage kill). "
4.	Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) 04/01/1949 - "Treatment of kala-azar with pentamidine isothionate; a study of 55 cases." 10/01/2015 - "Use of Pentamidine As Secondary Prophylaxis to Prevent Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse in HIV Infected Patients, the First Twelve Months of a Prospective Cohort Study." 09/01/2009 - "Pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis for visceral leishmaniasis in the immunocompromised host: report of four cases." 12/01/1997 - "Prophylaxis with monthly pentamidine was not useful in reducing relapses of visceral leishmaniasis." 11/01/1997 - "The activity of pentamidine-loaded nanoparticles was compared with that of free pentamidine in a BALB/c mice model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania infantum. "
5.	Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 06/01/2001 - "Although frequently associated with discomfort, the two-injection course, giving a total of 8 mg pentamidine isethionate/kg, appears to be an effective treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana. " 01/01/2000 - "Pentamidine isethionate is a safe and effective first-line treatment for Old World leishmaniasis. " 06/15/2006 - "Efficacy of short-course intramuscular pentamidine isethionate treatment on Old World localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in 2 patients." 11/01/2005 - "For New World leishmaniasis, parenteral antimonials represent the first-line treatment in all forms except those caused by Leishmania guyanensis in which pentamidine is preferable. " 05/01/2003 - "[A comparative study between the efficacy of pentamidine isothionate given in three doses for one week and N-methil-glucamine in a dose of 20mgSbV/day for 20 days to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis]."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination (Co-Trimoxazole)
2.	Dapsone
3.	Antimony
4.	Trimethoprim (Proloprim)
5.	Zidovudine (Retrovir)
6.	Thymidine Monophosphate (TMP)
7.	Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
8.	Sulfamethoxazole
9.	furan
10.	Pentamidine (NebuPent)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients)
2.	Injections
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
4.	Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
5.	Oral Administration