Penicillins (Penicillin)

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

Also Known As:

Networked: 12638 relevant articles (673 outcomes, 815 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Torres, M J: 16 articles (08/2015 - 12/2000)
2.	Macy, Eric: 15 articles (11/2015 - 05/2003)
3.	Blanca, M: 15 articles (08/2015 - 12/2000)
4.	Mayorga, C: 13 articles (08/2015 - 12/2000)
5.	Cottagnoud, P: 13 articles (10/2013 - 01/2000)
6.	Cottagnoud, M: 13 articles (10/2013 - 01/2000)
7.	Jones, Ronald N: 11 articles (03/2014 - 07/2003)
8.	Brook, Itzhak: 11 articles (06/2013 - 04/2005)
9.	Ayyildiz, Mustafa: 10 articles (12/2014 - 07/2007)
10.	Romano, A: 10 articles (12/2013 - 12/2000)

Related Diseases

1.	Infection 07/01/2014 - "Penicillin is the most beneficial for treating GAS infection, and is still used as first-line treatment. " 12/02/2000 - "In one open multicentric study including 51 pediatric patients aged 3 to 48 months with acute middle ear infections, it was demonstrated that this new formulation can be very effective in eradicating the causal agents of acute middle ear infections, including pneumococci and penicillin-resistant Hemophilus. " 10/01/1995 - "Optimal therapy for resistant infections is unknown and it is not clear whether the efficacy of penicillin or equally active beta-lactam agents is compromised in non-meningeal-resistant infections. " 11/01/1982 - "The new penicillins appear to be relatively safe and have been used successfully to treat patients with various infections; however, comparative trials have not yet established the superiority of these drugs over conventional therapeutic agents." 07/01/2007 - "Despite significant advances in diagnosis and management, mortality from IE has changed little since the availability of penicillin; however, this lack of improvement in mortality is likely due to an increasing number of infections from more virulent and drug-resistant pathogens coupled with infections that occur in patients with other comorbidities and those associated with prosthetic valves. "
2.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis) 08/01/2008 - "Macrolide monotherapy is currently recommended as first-line treatment of mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in penicillin-intolerant/allergic individuals in the UK. " 04/01/1997 - "Efficacy of the penicillins and 1st and 2nd generation cephem was satisfactory except in only one case of pneumonia with PISP which needed an alternative choice to the 3rd generation cephem. " 03/01/2002 - "The results of several studies suggest that penicillins remain effective for streptococcal pneumonia when the infecting pathogen has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) </=2 microgram/mL, presumably because the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters associated with current dosing regimens are still sufficient. " 07/01/1980 - "The pneumonia was cured with 12 weeks of penicillin treatment." 05/01/1977 - "Patients with pneumonia responded well to small doses of parenteral penicillin. "
3.	Endocarditis 05/01/1994 - "Combined treatment with teicoplanin+gentamicin may be highly efficacious in patients with endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis. " 04/01/2007 - "In experimental endocarditis, penicillin treatment induced a significant reduction in vegetation bacterial densities between Tol1 (4.1 log(10) cfu/g) and Tol1DeltaccpA (2.4 log(10) cfu/g). " 01/01/1981 - "High and sustained levels of penicillin in the serum and the myocardium cured enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits." 03/01/1978 - "Successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires the use of a combination of penicillin plus an aminoglycoside. " 01/01/1984 - "Penicillin alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside is effective in the treatment of endocarditis due to all streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus aprophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Listeria monocytogenes. "
4.	Syphilis 12/01/2013 - "Penicillin is highly effective against syphilis and remains the treatment of choice. " 07/01/1993 - "Although penicillin still remains highly effective for syphilis, concerns have been raised that current regimens may be inadequate for the treatment of early syphilis. " 08/01/1980 - "Although penicillin remains highly effective in syphilis, important questions exist regarding the optimal regimen for syphilitic involvement of the nervous system. " 04/15/2000 - "Although the efficacy of penicillin treatment for syphilis has been amply demonstrated, the optimal, curative dosage is still undefined. " 06/01/1990 - "Despite availability of simpler serologic tests for syphilis and near cure with penicillin, unacceptably high prevalence of infectious maternal syphilis exist in many developing countries, including Zambia. "
5.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy) 09/01/1981 - "These results support the position that testing with PPL, PA, and Pen G is a rapid, safe, and effective method for identifying patients at risk, or not at risk, for allergic reactions to penicillin." 01/01/2015 - "While the gold standard for diagnosing penicillin allergy is challenge, it is not recommended that this be done without first carrying out diagnostic skin testing. " 11/01/2014 - "Overall, improved referral to an allergist will help to identify patients who have penicillin allergy requiring avoidance. " 11/01/2010 - "Certain points must be improved though: time of the sampling, antibiotic therapy in case of quick delivery, management of patients with allergy to penicillin. " 01/01/2000 - "These agents are effective against gram-negative rods and anaerobes, reach therapeutic levels rapidly after parenteral administration, and, in the absence of penicillin allergy, generally exhibit low toxicity. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)
2.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)
3.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)
4.	Cephalosporins (Cephalosporin Antibiotics)
5.	Erythromycin (Erycette)
6.	Vancomycin
7.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)
8.	Streptomycin (Streptomycin Sulfate)
9.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)
10.	Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
3.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis
4.	Intramuscular Injections
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)