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Paraplegia (Spastic Paraplegia)

Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.

Also Known As:

Spastic Paraplegia; Flaccid Paraplegia; Paralysis, Legs; Paralysis, Lower Limbs; Paraplegia, Ataxic; Paraplegia, Cerebral; Paraplegia, Flaccid; Paraplegia, Spinal; Ataxic Paraplegia; Ataxic Paraplegias; Cerebral Paraplegia; Cerebral Paraplegias; Flaccid Paraplegias; Paraplegias; Paraplegias, Ataxic; Paraplegias, Cerebral; Paraplegias, Flaccid; Paraplegias, Spastic; Paraplegias, Spinal; Spastic Paraplegias; Spinal Paraplegia; Spinal Paraplegias; Paralysis, Lower Extremities; Paraplegia, Spastic

Networked: 1818 relevant articles (70 outcomes, 87 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Spinal Cord Ischemia
2.	Paraplegia (Spastic Paraplegia)
3.	Hypothermia
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Aneurysm (Aneurysms)

Experts

1.	Nash, Mark S: 9 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Vaidyanathan, Subramanian: 8 articles (01/2014 - 01/2006)
3.	Soni, Bakul M: 7 articles (01/2010 - 01/2006)
4.	Griepp, Randall B: 6 articles (01/2014 - 11/2006)
5.	Bavaria, Joseph E: 6 articles (05/2013 - 08/2002)
6.	Hughes, Peter L: 6 articles (01/2010 - 01/2006)
7.	Vaidyanathan, S: 6 articles (05/2005 - 01/2002)
8.	Soni, B M: 6 articles (05/2005 - 01/2002)
9.	Blackstone, Craig: 5 articles (09/2015 - 09/2005)
10.	Stevanin, Giovanni: 5 articles (09/2015 - 11/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Paraplegia:

1.	Calcitonin (Calcitonin, Eel)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1977 - "[Paget's paraplegia successfully treated with calcitonin with a remission of more than 4 years]." 04/30/1977 - "[Paget's paraplegia, treated successfully with calcitonin, with remission lasting over 3 years]." 03/13/1976 - "Improvement in paraplegia in vertebral Paget's disease treated with calcitonin." 07/01/1994 - "In contrast, plasma calcitonin concentration in the quadriplegic group was significantly higher than that in persons with paraplegia and insignificantly higher than that in the control group. " 01/01/1981 - "The recovery of cord function following calcitonin therapy in patients with paraplegia due to Paget's disease of the vertebral column is likely to be due to enhanced spinal cord perfusion."
2.	Methylprednisolone FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Weakness improved after two courses of intravenous infusion of methylprednisolone 1000 mg. On day 67, she developed paraplegia, urinary retention, a Th4 sensory level, and loss of position sense in the lower limbs. " 03/01/1992 - "For example, treatment with methylprednisolone more than doubled the probability that patients would convert from quadriplegia or paraplegia to quadriparesis or paraparesis, analgesia to hypalgesia, and anesthesia to hypesthesia. " 01/01/2011 - "The paraplegia suddenly occurred on postoperative day 10, and after an intravenous infusion of heparin and methylprednisolone, it gradually subsided. " 01/01/1990 - "We investigated whether intravenous methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) before 30 minutes of aortic cross-clamping and after 4 hours could enhance the effects of cerebrospinal fluid drainage on spinal cord perfusion pressure and postoperative paraplegia when proximal blood pressure was controlled with sodium nitroprusside and partial exsanguination. " 02/01/2000 - "One hundred and six patients who had spinal trauma (including 48 with paraplegia and 58 with tetraplegia) were randomly separated into four groups: M=methylprednisolone (30 mg x kg(-1) over 1 h, followed by 5.4 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 23 h), N=nimodipine (0.015 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 2 h followed by 0.03 mg x kg(-1)h(-1) for 7 days), MN (both agents) or P (neither medication). "
3.	Mannitol (Osmitrol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1995 - "Neuroanesthesia adjunct therapy (mannitol and hyperventilation) is as effective as cerebrospinal fluid drainage for prevention of paraplegia after descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping in the dog." 10/01/1995 - "We compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage (Group D; n = 8) to neuroanesthesia adjunct therapy (hyperventilation and mannitol administration; Group N; n = 8) for the prevention of paraplegia using a canine model of descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping (AXC; 2.5 mm distal to the left subclavian artery for 30 min). " 08/01/1993 - "Using a canine model of thoracic aortic cross-clamping, we compared the incidence and severity of paraplegia with and without standard neuroanesthesia adjuncts (mannitol administration and deliberate hyperventilation). " 02/01/2014 - "The use of a proactive spinal cord protection protocol could decrease the risk of spinal cord ischemia and/or paraplegia and consists of permissive hypertension after stent deployment, cerebrospinal fluid drainage to maintain adequate spinal cord perfusion, relative hypothermia and possibly use of mannitol. " 01/01/2002 - "Compared with other groups, animals in the 5-Day Paraplegia group had greater incorporation of [(3)H]-D-mannitol and [(14)C]-carboxyl-inulin in lumbar segment 8, corresponding to the location of the epidural catheter tip. "
4.	Baclofen FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1991 - "Chronic intrathecal baclofen infusion has recently been reported as an effective treatment of the spasticity of paraplegia. " 01/01/1977 - "Clinical and laboratory assessment of the efficacy of baclofen (Lioresal) on urethral sphincter spasticity in patients with traumatic paraplegia." 02/01/2000 - "In this study of a single patient with familial spastic paraplegia, intrathecal baclofen has facilitated the emergence of normal, supraspinally determined movement patterns." 04/01/1981 - "A lactating woman with spastic paraplegia was given 94 mumol (20 mg) of baclofen orally to study the transport of the drug into breast milk. " 07/01/2014 - "We report here the case of a 53-year-old woman with spastic paraplegia treated with intrathecal baclofen. "
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 04/01/2008 - "He responded well to antibiotics but was not investigated for causes of paraplegia. " 09/01/2000 - "One patient improved with antibiotics but the second developed paraplegia, a recognized complication of discitis. " 07/15/2004 - "Meningitis was treated with the appropriate antibiotics, and the patient underwent rehabilitation for paraplegia and bladder and bowel incontinence. " 01/01/2004 - "A 39-year-old man with T10 paraplegia presented with a distended, quiet abdomen following recent treatment with antibiotics for pneumonia. " 01/01/1999 - "Further developments in diagnosis using molecular genetic techniques, more effective antibiotics and more aggressive surgical protocols in the next millennium may help in solving the problems of late severe deformity and paraplegia in the debilitated immunocompromised patients."
6.	Dizocilpine Maleate (Dizocilpine)IBA 01/01/2005 - "These results demonstrate that combined temporary clipping of the aortic arch (just proximal to the left common carotid artery) plus left subclavian artery for 17 minutes reproduces reliable paraplegia, and a single dose of MK-801 given before ISCI provides significant neuroprotection." 01/01/1991 - "The induction of functional paraplegia in female rats by contusive spinal cord injury was not prevented by compound MK-801. " 06/01/1990 - "The effect of a single intramuscular treatment with either MK-801 (3 mg/kg) or ketamine (110 mg/kg) given at the onset of paraplegia was evaluated 30 hours later. " 01/01/1998 - "This study demonstrates that although MK-801 or KB-2796 does not prevent paraplegia due to spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit, both drugs can influence the rate of recovery after ischemic injury." 06/01/1993 - "The NO precursor L-arginine (100-500 mg/kg, IP) and L-NAME (1-125 mg/kg, IP) had no overt effects on animals' behaviour by themselves, while MK-801 (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, IP) caused motor excitability at low doses and sedation and paraplegia at high ones. "
7.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 10/01/2012 - "This study provides evidence that persons aged 16 to 59 years with paraplegia and co-occurring severe TBI had worse motor outcomes and longer acute rehabilitation LOS than did persons with paraplegia and no TBI. " 10/01/2012 - "Persons with paraplegia and co-occurring mild and moderate TBI had equivalent acute rehabilitation motor outcomes and cognitive functioning compared with persons with paraplegia and no TBI. " 10/01/2012 - "Persons with paraplegia who sustained co-occurring severe TBI had lower admission and discharge FIM Motor Scale scores and longer acute rehabilitation LOS than did persons with paraplegia and either no TBI or mild TBI. " 07/01/2000 - "For a PET(CO(2)) of 70 mm Hg the estimated expiratory muscle contribution to VT was 10.3 and 28.4% (p < 0.02) in patients with paraplegia and normal subjects, respectively. " 09/01/2006 - "While the co-existence of paraplegia and mental nerve neuropathy is a possible feature of metastatic prostate cancer involving the spine and mandible, the concomitant occurrence of multiple facial swellings involving the anterior mandible with its related gingival and lip mucosa, frontal bone and parotid glands is a rare finding. "
8.	Lactic Acid FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Is intrathecal lactate concentration monitoring helpful for postoperative paraplegia after descending aorta surgery?" 01/01/2008 - "The aim of the present study was to compare blood lactate elimination between individuals with paraplegia (P) and able-bodied (AB) individuals after strenuous arm exercise. " 01/01/2013 - "One patient experienced postoperative paraplegia and his cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration was much higher than that in the other case, whose postoperative outcome was uneventful. " 01/01/2013 - "Subarachnoid fluid lactate and paraplegia after descending aorta aneurysmectomy: two compared case reports." 01/01/2008 - "Individuals with paraplegia seem to have no disadvantages in lactate elimination after exhaustive arm exercise compared with able-bodied individuals."
9.	PapaverineIBA 07/01/1986 - "Intrathecal application of papaverine proved to be even more effective in increasing SCBF and also completely prevented paraplegia. " 07/01/1986 - "The preliminary trial using intrathecal papaverine in human beings has thus far shown no adverse side effects from the drug, and no paraplegia has occurred." 03/01/1990 - "We have previously described a technique for intrathecal administration of papaverine and cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia after aortic surgery. " 12/01/1988 - "Preliminary results and rationale for the use of intrathecal papaverine for the prevention of paraplegia after aortic surgery." 11/01/1988 - "Intrathecal papaverine for the prevention of paraplegia after operation on the thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta."
10.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1994 - "Five years prior to the 1990 publication of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (SNASCIS), a 24-year-old man sustained traumatic paraplegia, and was treated with 797 mg of dexamethasone over the ensuing 26 days. " 04/01/2001 - "Recognizing the symptoms of spinal cord compression and initiating dexamethasone therapy promptly to prevent paraplegia are critical." 02/01/1988 - "Pharmacological intervention with indomethacin compares favorably with dexamethasone in reduction of spinal cord edema and in delaying the onset of paraplegia." 04/01/1991 - "Treatment with either dexamethasone or indomethacin delayed onset of paraplegia but had no effect on 5-HT metabolism. " 10/01/1988 - "The effect of treatment given on onset of paraplegia with either dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex-p; 10 mg/kg twice daily), or free dexamethasone (F-dex; 8.25 mg/kg twice daily) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg twice daily), was evaluated after 30 hours of therapy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Decompression 10/01/2012 - "In the present study, authors have shown the results of posterior decompression and pedicle screw fixation in selected cases of Pott paraplegia. " 11/01/1965 - "[Contribution to the study of the problems of spinal cord decompression, of straightening and retention of the spine in late Pott's paraplegia due to a large hump back]." 11/01/2014 - "Clinical and radiographic results of posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction (group A) and combined anterior-posterior surgery (group B) in the treatment of severe thoracolumbar three column fractures with incomplete paraplegia were analyzed retrospectively from January 2008 to December 2012. " 11/01/2014 - "To compare the clinical outcome between posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction and combined anterior-posterior surgery in the treatment of severe thoracolumbar three column fractures with incomplete paraplegia, and to provide a basis for procedure selection. " 11/01/2014 - "[Case-control study on therapeutic effects between posterior corpectomy, decompression and reconstruction and combined anterior-posterior surgery for the treatment of severe thoracolumbar fractures with incomplete paraplegia]."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/1997 - "To assess the efficacy of 9-month short-course chemotherapy (SCC) and to study the pattern of neurological recovery in patients with Pott's paraplegia. " 09/01/2003 - "All patients presented with neurological deficits and were treated with chemotherapy initially, after which 3 patients recovered, 4 improved and 6 were aggravated into paraplegia. " 08/01/2014 - "Both neurosurgery and chemotherapy provide unsatisfactory results once paraplegia has been established. " 04/01/2011 - "Among 51 cases incomplete paraplegia recovered partially or completely (over Frankel D) through chemotherapy and rehabilitation training for 1-1.5 years; 5 cases of complete paraplegia had partially recovered, 3 cases from Frankel A to C, 2 cases from Frankel A to B. " 10/20/2003 - "The side-effect of BAI was lower than that of systemic chemotherapy ( P < 0.05), but one case occured paraplegia after BAI. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 10/01/2013 - "At present, on the basis of the great number of preclinical studies and preliminary clinical trials in humans, bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplantation offers promise in the treatment of paraplegia. " 09/27/2008 - "Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) transplantation offers promise in the treatment of chronic paraplegia in rodents. " 01/01/1992 - "Omental transplantation in the management of chronic traumatic paraplegia. " 09/01/2008 - "The trial was a Phase I/IIa design whose main aim was to test the feasibility and safety of transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheathing cells into the injured spinal cord in human paraplegia. " 01/01/1997 - "Second, to show, from our own results, obtained from the study of an animal model of paraplegia, the adult spinal rat, how it could be possible to take advantage of the autonomy of the CPG, with special reference to its sensibility to monoamines, to obtain locomotor recovery in hindlimbs after section of the thoracic spinal cord, by means of transplantation of noradrenergic and/or serotonergic embryonic neurons in the lumbo-sacral spinal cord. "
4.	Stents 05/01/2015 - "In the following case report, we present a patient with suspected ASE and paraplegia, who was successfully treated by an endovascular approach using covered stents. " 03/01/2011 - "We report the symptoms and management of paraplegia in a patient who underwent stent insertion as TAA." 05/01/2006 - "Thoracic aortic stent grafting is a safe procedure in selected patients with the added benefit of a low incidence of paraplegia. " 03/01/2006 - "We report the case of a man who developed paraplegia 36 hours after insertion of 4 stents in the descending thoracic aorta. " 03/01/2006 - "[Cerebrospinal fluid drainage to treat delayed paraplegia after stent grafting of the descending thoracic aorta]."
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 10/01/2013 - "CT angiogram of aorta Aortic Dissection Stanford type B / De-Bakey type -III. Patient was treated with endovascular graft for aortic dissection, paraplegia recovered completely. " 06/01/2011 - "Patients treated with 2 components showed increased perioperative morbidity, including paraplegia, which may be related to the greater extent of graft coverage required in this patient group, as well as to male gender, previous aortic repair, longer operating time, and increased blood loss." 04/01/2009 - "The reintervention for substituting an infected graft was excluded due to the high risk of death or paraplegia. " 02/01/2009 - "Meta-analysis indicates that endoluminal graft repair is accompanied by lower procedure related mortality (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.78, p=0.005) and paraplegia rates (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08-0.65, p=0.005), as compared to open repair. " 06/01/2008 - "These changes have resulted in a major reduction of mortality and procedure-related paraplegia but also a significant increase of early graft-related complications."