Paralysis (Palsy)

A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)

Also Known As:

Networked: 9530 relevant articles (351 outcomes, 483 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemorrhage
2.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
3.	Stroke (Strokes)
4.	Muscle Spasticity (Spastic)
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 41 articles (01/2015 - 02/2000)
2.	Lin, Shih-Hua: 17 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Johnson, Eric A: 14 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
4.	Zhang, Yong: 14 articles (01/2015 - 08/2005)
5.	Barbieri, Joseph T: 13 articles (10/2014 - 04/2006)
6.	Steinman, Lawrence: 12 articles (12/2015 - 11/2002)
7.	Montecucco, Cesare: 12 articles (01/2015 - 11/2006)
8.	Kozin, Scott H: 11 articles (06/2015 - 09/2002)
9.	Thorley, Bruce R: 11 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)
10.	Shaukat, Shahzad: 11 articles (01/2015 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Paralysis:

1.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 04/01/1994 - "Our results demonstrate that botulinum toxin injected into overactive facial muscles does produce a predictable and reversible paralysis and eliminates or ameliorates deep frown lines. " 12/01/2015 - "If these findings are further corroborated in additional studies, the ever-growing spectrum of applications for botulinum toxin may spread into the field of psychiatry, showing that the superficial paralysis of facial muscles may, probably via proprioceptive feedback mechanisms, have profound effects on the emotional brain. " 03/01/2014 - "To study the causes of bilateral superior oblique palsy (BSOP), treatment with botulinum toxin and/or surgery, and outcome of treatment. " 05/01/2010 - "In this study, we show that botulinum toxin-induced muscle paralysis led to statistically significant changes in the normal development of intrinsic motoneuron electrical properties in the postnatal mouse. " 03/01/2004 - "To study the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the treatment of bilateral acquired oblique superior palsy. "
2.	PotassiumIBA 03/01/2006 - "We demonstrate how the application of physiological principles may help to identify unusual causes of a very low plasma potassium (K+) concentration (P(K)) and paralysis. " 07/01/2011 - "The patient developed paralysis due to further decline in serum potassium level, which improved after an aggressive fluid and electrolyte management. " 01/01/1958 - "[Remission of potassium paralysis of isolated frog heart by adenosinetriphosphate]." 09/01/1997 - "A previous study of 4 patients defined Andersen's syndrome (AS) as a triad of potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, ventricular dysrhythmias, and dysmorphic features. " 03/01/1997 - "Affected members were phenotypically heterogenous and had episodic potassium-sensitive paralysis, and stiffness and weakness induced by exercise and cold, which was confirmed by EMG studies. "
3.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2013 - "The palsy gradually improved with continued prednisolone treatment. " 01/01/2001 - "[Hopkins syndrome: oral prednisolone was effective for the paralysis]." 03/01/1990 - "The symptom improved markedly by prednisolone, but 3 months later left lateral gaze palsy appeared abruptly. " 11/01/2008 - "A prospective, randomized trial for use of prednisolone in patients with facial nerve paralysis after parotidectomy." 08/01/2012 - "Prednisolone treatment should be considered in all patients irrespective of degree of palsy."
4.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 03/01/2015 - "A better outcome was observed if corticosteroids were administered within 3 days of onset of palsy. " 02/16/2015 - "To systematically review the literature to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids in treating post-parotidectomy facial nerve palsy (FNP). " 04/01/2013 - "Such an early presentation of idiopathic facial nerve palsy and use of corticosteroids in neonates is scarcely reported in the literature." 06/01/2011 - "Her disorder was diagnosed for the first time from her facial nerve paralysis, and was treated with high-dose corticosteroids. " 08/01/2008 - "She was treated with intravenous corticosteroids and her palsy resolved in 5 days. "
5.	alpha-Fetoproteins (AFP)IBA 01/01/2010 - "In the case of 153 samples from patients suffering from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), positive results were obtained for 6 samples (4%). " 05/01/2009 - "The acute paralysis of HFMD cases may be benefited from earlier treatment for AFP." 08/01/2014 - "This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing." 01/01/2014 - "A serosurvey study carried out between 2009-2012, that involved 76 serum samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, showed a low protection level in the examined subjects against type 1 (80%), type 2 (79%) and type 3 (71%) poliovirus Sabin strains. " 01/01/2014 - "Thus given the gaps in AFP surveillance as identified in the cases of late notification, this study was designed to explore the reasons and circumstances responsible for late notification of AFP and collection of inadequate stools (more than 14 days of onset of paralysis until collection of the 2nd stool specimen) of AFP cases in health facilities equipped to manage AFP cases. "
6.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/1992 - "These results indicate that for patients with complete palsy SD therapy is more effective than oral steroid therapy, while patients with incomplete palsy recover completely with oral steroids. " 03/01/2004 - "The use of steroids for gunshot paralysis has not improved the neurologic outcome and has resulted in a greater frequency of nonspinal complications. " 01/01/2005 - "The efficacy of steroids in idiopathic facial nerve paralysis: an open, randomized, prospective controlled study." 01/01/2005 - "Further studies with large patient series are needed to clarify the use of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis." 01/01/2005 - "This study was designed to evaluate the role of steroids in idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. "
7.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 06/01/2011 - "To study the long-term functional outcomes of patients with Lyme facial nerve palsy treated with oral antibiotics. " 06/01/2015 - "Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. " 03/01/2014 - "Minor complications were SSI managed with oral antibiotics (12%), self-extubation (4%), and transient facial nerve palsy (2%). " 06/01/2011 - "Lyme facial nerve palsy patients were treated with oral antibiotics for a median duration of 21 days (range 7-30 days). " 10/01/2010 - "Antibiotics alone can be sufficient in case of whole spine involvement, lumbosacral localization without neurological symptoms, fixed neurological deficit, complete paralysis for more than 72 hours, or severe concomitant medical problems."
8.	GoldIBA 04/01/1995 - "However, good results were not obtained in muscle transfer for palpebral paralysis, in which the authors prefer to make the eyelid heavier by inserting a gold weight implant after modifying this technique to lower the rejection rate." 12/01/2001 - "Implantation of gold weights within 30 days of paralysis is as effective for the management of paralytic lagophthalmos as delayed implantation and is not associated with higher complication rates. " 01/01/1999 - "The physician has the choice among several procedures to repair upper eyelid paralysis with the gold standard being the gold weight implant. " 10/01/1998 - "We used dynamic measures to assess the efficacy of upper eyelid gold weight implantation surgery for facial nerve palsy. " 10/01/1998 - "Efficacy of gold weight implants in facial nerve palsy: quantitative alterations in blinking."
9.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2003 - "Administration of acyclovir after the paralysis improved the duration of facial nerve paralysis." 02/01/2003 - "In this study, acyclovir administration was performed before and after facial nerve paralysis, and continued for 5 days. " 02/01/2003 - "Administration of acyclovir before the paralysis reduced the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis. " 02/01/2003 - "The incidence of facial nerve paralysis was significantly lower in the group given acyclovir before the paralysis than in the controls, and the duration of facial nerve paralysis was shorter. " 02/01/2003 - "Controls were given phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) instead of acyclovir, and the incidence and duration of facial nerve paralysis was compared in the acyclovir groups and controls. "
10.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "The facial nerve palsy clearly worsened despite improvement in other symptoms, and therefore high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy was added. " 11/01/1998 - "We report a 24-year-old woman with recurrent facial and lip swelling, lingua plicata, and peripheral facial-nerve palsy who benefited from a short course of high-dose i.v. methylprednisolone." 05/01/2015 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of methylprednisolone (MP) in models of facial nerve paralysis obtained by nerve section, compression, or inoculation with herpes simplex virus (HSV). " 05/01/2015 - "The effect of methylprednisolone on facial nerve paralysis with different etiologies." 01/01/2007 - "Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis induced by pulse methylprednisolone."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laryngoplasty 11/01/2010 - "Medialization thyroplasty was effective in improving swallowing function as well as vocal function in most cases with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. " 08/01/2004 - "Although limitations exist in the interpretation of the reported data, our results suggest that in patients with unilateral laryngeal nerve paralysis managed with a thyroplasty type I technique without arytenoid adduction, the use of a Montgomery compared to a Gore-Tex implant does not influence the success of the procedure according to the patient's self evaluation or the morbidity but does lead to a significant improvement in the values of selected speech and voice parameters." 08/01/2002 - "Type I thyroplasty for vocal fold paralysis in the acute phase following thoracic surgery is well tolerated and is associated with improved patient outcome with no postoperative deaths in this high-risk patient population." 09/01/2010 - "To determine whether injection laryngoplasty or medialization laryngoplasty is more effective in the long-term treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). " 11/01/2007 - "To determine whether injection laryngoplasty or medialization laryngoplasty is more effective in the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis. "
2.	Decompression 10/01/2013 - "In cases of facial nerve paralysis, decompression with complete disease eradication is considered to be the mainstay of treatment and usefulness of an epineural incision and the range of the decompression are still debatable. " 08/01/1996 - "Patients who had had a complete single or a multiple-nerve-root paralysis seemed to have benefited from anterior decompression. " 08/01/2008 - "Microvascular decompression is effective in this type of oculomotor palsy." 09/01/2008 - "Decompression and reconstruction surgery using anterior and posterior approach improved her paralysis. " 01/01/1997 - "After the anterior decompression, the neurological function of 142 (95 per cent) of the 150 patients improved by at least one grade, as measured with a modification of the grading scale of Frankel et al. Fifty-six (72 per cent) of the seventy-eight patients who had preoperative paralysis or dysfunction of the bladder recovered completely. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2014 - "Facial nerve paralysis was completely cured 1 month after treatment. " 01/01/2012 - "Patients presenting with III nerve palsy improved gradually between 1 day and 6 months after treatment. " 05/01/2001 - "She improved after treatment, but 4 months later, ptosis and upward palsy still persisted." 03/01/2001 - "This study was designed to objectively compare a patient's voice after onset of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) to his or her own normal voice, and to compare the results after treatment by intrafold injection of autologous fat. " 07/01/2015 - "The total paralysis time and the total number of ulceration at month 12 after treatment were taken as judgment for long-term efficacy. "
4.	Injections 11/01/2012 - "However, the risk of incidental paralysis of the hemidiaphragm is still not eliminated with low-volume intraplexus injections. " 07/01/2010 - "Voice and swallowing dysfunction as a result of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis can be improved with vocal fold injections or laryngeal framework surgery. " 11/01/2006 - "This study aimed to evaluate whether a difference exists in the effect duration of the muscle paralysis between intramuscular and perimuscular injections of BTX-A. " 07/01/1993 - "The study of 264 lower limbs paralysis recorded from 1988 to 1990 in 6 Physiotherapy Centers in Madagascar showed that 66% has received prior intra-muscular injections. " 11/01/2015 - "We compare the patient satisfaction following either BT injections or ABD transfer in the management of their isolated MMB palsy. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2003 - "Two patients initially presented with peroneal nerve palsy that resolved completely with preoperative chemotherapy. " 08/01/2014 - "Post chemotherapy there was decrease in the swelling with improvement in facial nerve palsy. " 07/01/2004 - "Thereafter her paralysis was gradually improved and she was able to walk by herself after 12 months chemotherapy." 08/01/2000 - "Chemotherapy slightly relieved the femoral nerve palsy. " 01/01/2009 - "At 3 months followup after chemotherapy, he suffered from partial paralysis of right-sided upper and lower limbs but due to intensive rehabilitation he overcame the paralysis and is able to walk by himself. "