Parakeratosis

Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 207 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Psoriasis (Pustulosis Palmaris et Plantaris)
2.	Papilloma (Papillomatosis)
3.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
4.	Otitis
5.	Hyperplasia

Experts

1.	Arumugam, Somasundaram: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
2.	Miyashita, Shizuka: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
3.	Afrin, Rejina: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
4.	Nomoto, Mayumi: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
5.	Sreedhar, Remya: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
6.	Watanabe, Kenichi: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
7.	Pitchaimani, Vigneshwaran: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
8.	Suzuki, Hiroshi: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
9.	Suzuki, Kenji: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
10.	Harima, Meilei: 2 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parakeratosis:

1.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2002 - "Granular parakeratosis: resolution with topical tretinoin." 11/01/2002 - "We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin." 01/01/1992 - "The reactivities for both loricrin and loricrin mRNAs were abolished by a treatment of the cultures with a retinoic acid concentration (10(-6) M) provoking a complete inhibition of terminal epidermal differentiation (parakeratosis). " 11/01/1990 - "Chronic application of tretinoin causes epidermal thickening (25 of 25 samples), stratum granulosum thickening (15 of 25), parakeratosis (13 of 25), a marked increase in the number of cell layers expressing epidermal transglutaminase (13 of 25), and focal expression of two keratins, K6 (12 of 25) and K13 (8 of 25), not normally expressed in the epidermis. " 08/01/1992 - "The causal relationship of the expression of the 65 kD and 48 kD keratins with this particular type of a non-pathological epithelial parakeratosis is emphasized by the suppression of the mRNA synthesis of the two keratins during retinoic acid mediated orthokeratotic conversion of tail scale epidermis. "
2.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 08/01/2013 - "Systemic treatment with SKLB1002 reduced symptoms of ear inflammation in K14/VEGF transgenic mice, the pathological score was significantly decreased, and acanthosis, focal parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis and hemangiectasis were improved. "
3.	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)IBA 08/01/1992 - "Lesional skin samples demonstrated (1) gradual improvement in parakeratosis, papillomatosis and acanthosis, (2) decreased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by keratinocytes, (3) an increase in CD1a+ Langerhans cell number, (4) partial decrease in epidermal T cell infiltrate and (5) no major change in the dermal infiltrate composed of CD3+, TcR alpha beta+, CD45Ro+, HLA-DR+ T cells. "
4.	alpha-beta T-Cell Antigen Receptors (T-Cell Receptor alpha-Chain)IBA 08/01/1992 - "Lesional skin samples demonstrated (1) gradual improvement in parakeratosis, papillomatosis and acanthosis, (2) decreased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by keratinocytes, (3) an increase in CD1a+ Langerhans cell number, (4) partial decrease in epidermal T cell infiltrate and (5) no major change in the dermal infiltrate composed of CD3+, TcR alpha beta+, CD45Ro+, HLA-DR+ T cells. "
5.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)IBA 09/01/2004 - "Thus, the occurrence of parakeratosis in psoriasis vulgaris, but not in verrucae vulgares, was characterized by a significant reduction in the NMDA ratio (reduced expression of NMDAR1 in the upper epidermis). "
6.	HLA-DR Antigens (HLA-DR)IBA 08/01/1992 - "Lesional skin samples demonstrated (1) gradual improvement in parakeratosis, papillomatosis and acanthosis, (2) decreased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by keratinocytes, (3) an increase in CD1a+ Langerhans cell number, (4) partial decrease in epidermal T cell infiltrate and (5) no major change in the dermal infiltrate composed of CD3+, TcR alpha beta+, CD45Ro+, HLA-DR+ T cells. "
7.	EstersIBA 03/01/2001 - "Compared with the control, compounds 2 and 3 improved keratinocyte proliferation at a concentration of 5 microM in the culture medium; however, they remained less active than compounds 1 and 4. In contrast to compound 1, all the lupeol esters (2-4), and particularly compound 4, induced a good differentiation of keratinocytes with a well-formed stratum corneum without parakeratosis. "
8.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2008 - "Granular parakeratosis in a patient treated with liposomal doxorubicin for ovarian carcinoma." 05/01/2008 - "We report herein a new case of granular parakeratosis in a woman treated with liposomal doxorubicin for ovarian carcinoma that showed complete remission after discontinuation of chemotherapy. "
9.	NMDA receptor A1IBA 09/01/2004 - "Thus, the occurrence of parakeratosis in psoriasis vulgaris, but not in verrucae vulgares, was characterized by a significant reduction in the NMDA ratio (reduced expression of NMDAR1 in the upper epidermis). "
10.	lupeolIBA 03/01/2001 - "Compared with the control, compounds 2 and 3 improved keratinocyte proliferation at a concentration of 5 microM in the culture medium; however, they remained less active than compounds 1 and 4. In contrast to compound 1, all the lupeol esters (2-4), and particularly compound 4, induced a good differentiation of keratinocytes with a well-formed stratum corneum without parakeratosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2008 - "The relationship between granular parakeratosis and chemotherapy is discussed." 08/01/1987 - "Histological study of the lesions showed microscopically invasive cancer in 8 patients, carcinoma in situ in 4, grades II and III dysplasia in 5, hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis in 10, pigmented lesions in 2, papilloma in 1 and no residual disease after systemic chemotherapy for exophytic carcinoma in 3. Laser surgery was performed in 1 stage under constant microscopic visual control. " 05/01/2008 - "We report herein a new case of granular parakeratosis in a woman treated with liposomal doxorubicin for ovarian carcinoma that showed complete remission after discontinuation of chemotherapy. "
2.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation) 11/01/2003 - "In a human psoriasis xenograft model, antibody 146B7 reduced the severity of psoriasis, as measured by epidermal thickness, grade of parakeratosis, and numbers of inflammatory cells and cycling keratinocytes. "
3.	Topical Administration 11/01/2002 - "We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin."
4.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 08/01/1987 - "Histological study of the lesions showed microscopically invasive cancer in 8 patients, carcinoma in situ in 4, grades II and III dysplasia in 5, hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis in 10, pigmented lesions in 2, papilloma in 1 and no residual disease after systemic chemotherapy for exophytic carcinoma in 3. Laser surgery was performed in 1 stage under constant microscopic visual control. "
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/2007 - "Six (25%) of 24 hard palate graft biopsies, which were obtained at 8 months to 49 months (mean, 22 months) postoperatively, displayed orthokeratosis alternating with parakeratosis, while 12 (50%) demonstrated parakeratosis alone, and another 6 (25%) showed adjacent regions of parakeratotic and nonkeratinized epithelium. " 03/01/2005 - "Epithelial and stromal thinning was accentuated in the graft, with epithelial dysplasia, hyperproliferation, and parakeratosis. " 12/01/1999 - "Injection of activated immunocytes into symptomless psoriatic skin grafts, changed the grafts towards plaque-type psoriasis with silvery scale, parakeratosis, elongated rete pegs, acanthosis, and dermal angiogenic reaction. " 10/01/2002 - "Evidence of stratified squamous epithelium with parakeratosis was seen in the margin of the BFP graft. "