Pancreatitis

INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.

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Networked: 15036 relevant articles (1006 outcomes, 2052 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Necrosis
3.	Lung Injury
4.	Gallstones (Gallstone)
5.	Chronic Pancreatitis

Experts

1.	Lerch, Markus M: 53 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Xia, Qing: 42 articles (01/2016 - 09/2003)
3.	Whitcomb, David C: 42 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
4.	Bhatia, Madhav: 42 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Pandol, Stephen J: 39 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Okazaki, Kazuichi: 37 articles (10/2015 - 04/2002)
7.	Kamisawa, Terumi: 37 articles (09/2014 - 09/2003)
8.	Hirota, Masahiko: 36 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Büchler, Markus W: 35 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
10.	Shimosegawa, Tooru: 34 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pancreatitis:

1.	Caerulein (Ceruletide)IBA 08/01/1991 - "Acute edematous pancreatitis was induced in rats by iv infusion of caerulein (CR) in a supramaximal dose of 7.5 x 10(-6)g x kg-1 x hr-1 during 6 hr. The most important finding of our study was the marked decrease of protein and nonprotein thiol content in pancreatic tissue of rats with CR-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). " 08/01/1998 - "The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that apoptosis can protect against experimental pancreatitis and induction of apoptosis by an extract of Artemisia asiatica (DA-9601) is beneficial in cerulein-induced pancreatis in rats. " 10/01/2002 - "Inhibition of pancreatic ERK1/2 in vivo affords significant protection against inflammatory sequelae following cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis." 01/01/1991 - "Treatment with this agent significantly ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. " 01/01/2003 - "Pretreatment with A2 receptors agonist seems to be protective against the damage to the pancreas during the course of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. "
2.	AmylasesFDA Link 01/01/1985 - "Thus, including P3 activity in the diagnostic criteria will eliminate most false-positive results for pancreatitis based on total amylase activity alone, and should decrease the need for expensive radiologic procedures currently required to confirm the presence of pancreatitis. " 01/01/1976 - "The amylase activity of the fast-gamma fraction rises in acute exacerbation, and falls in cases of chronic calcifying pancreatitis and in cases with a marked decrease in pancreatic exocrine function. " 04/01/1980 - "Amylase levels remained stable at 4 and 20 degrees C and may be beneficial for diagnosing pancreatitis. " 07/01/1979 - "Sixteen pancreatitis patients with serum amylase (SAm) within the normal range had a mean CACR significantly greater than that of 19 hospital control patients with normal SAm (9.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.4, P less than .001). " 10/01/1976 - "Normal clearance of pancreatic-like amylase was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the clearance of total serum amylase in acute pancreatitis (6.49 +/- 1.07%). "
3.	Protease Inhibitors (Protease Inhibitor)IBA 11/01/1999 - "These results indicate that intraperitoneal leakage of PLA2 plays an important role in bacterial translocation during acute pancreatitis and that administration of a protease inhibitor may be effective against the bacterial translocation." 01/01/2007 - "Additional research is needed to confirm the preventive efficacy of these antiproteases in patients at a high risk of developing post-ERCP pancreatitis." 10/01/2000 - "Therapeutic efficacy of continuous arterial infusion of an antibiotic and a protease inhibitor via the superior mesenteric artery for acute pancreatitis in an animal model." 04/01/2008 - "Protease inhibitors showed protective effects on animal models of acute pancreatitis when administered before induction of pancreatitis, and results when administered after induction are uncertain. " 01/01/2009 - "This study provides a clear rationale for further research to investigate the efficacy of enteral protease inhibitors in the treatment of acute pancreatitis."
4.	Gabexate (Foy)IBA 03/01/2003 - "Gabexate mesilate has been proven effective in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis with organ dysfunction. " 07/01/2000 - "There are strong indications from this study that early intravenous gabexate mesilate infusion results in improved survival in acute pancreatitis with organ dysfunctions." 01/01/2007 - "Long-term (12 hours) infusion of gabexate significantly decreased the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis; however, no prophylactic effect was observed for short-term infusion (2.5 and 6.5 hours). " 08/01/2006 - "Routine gabexate prophylaxis was associated with a significant reduction of post-ERCP pancreatitis rate, severe hyperamylasaemia and hospitalisation-related costs only in high-risk patients. " 06/01/2006 - "The administration of gabexate mesilate has been reported to be effective for the prevention for post-ERCP pancreatitis when given during and after the procedure. "
5.	Octreotide (Sandostatin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2013 - "To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose octreotide in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) or SAP, two hundred and thirty-six patients with predicted SAP and 136 patients with SAP were randomized into control, high-dose octreotide (High-O) and low-dose octreotide (Low-O) groups. " 04/01/1996 - "Overall, octreotide had beneficial effects in acute experimental pancreatitis, and was more effective when started earlier. " 01/01/2011 - "To study the protective effects of the combination of sandostatin(SS) and gardenia jasminoides ellis (GJE) on pancreatic mitochondria injury in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats. " 07/01/1999 - "To investigate the efficacy of octreotide in acute pancreatitis in a randomised, placebo controlled trial. " 11/01/2012 - "To evaluate the efficacy of octreotide in preventing severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in obese patients. "
6.	Somatostatin (Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor)IBA 12/01/2003 - "A single dose of intravenous bolus somatostatin, given immediately after diagnostic cholangiopancreatography, is effective in reducing the incidence of pancreatitis after therapeutic ERCP. " 04/01/2001 - "The Authors conclude that, at present; somatostatin cannot be considered surely effective in preventing complications and mortality in acute pancreatitis. " 07/28/1991 - "Long acting somatostatin analogue did not prove to be effective in the serious acute pancreatitis produced by the intraductal intervention. " 09/01/1991 - "A somatostatin analogue is protective against retrograde bile salt-induced pancreatitis in the rat." 04/01/2001 - "The aim of present study is a retrospective analysis of patients affected by acute pancreatitis in order to evaluate efficacy of somatostatin and its analogues. "
7.	Lipase (Acid Lipase)FDA Link 09/01/2012 - "As there is currently no gold standard for antemortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats, the combination of a complete history and physical examination, measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and ultrasonographic examination of the pancreas is the best approach for an accurate noninvasive diagnosis of pancreatitis." 11/01/1981 - "The results of this study also showed that low serum lipase values almost always eliminated the possibility of pancreatitis and that high values were often, but not always, diagnostic for pancreatitis." 04/01/1984 - "The turbidimetric test was helpful for rapid quantitative determination of serum lipase and thus for the early and accurate diagnosis of acute pancreatitis." 05/01/2014 - "Development of a feline-specific pancreatic lipase immunoassay has improved our diagnostic ability in the past decade, but may have more limited application for mild and chronic forms of pancreatitis. " 08/01/2015 - "Serum lipase is now the preferred test due to its improved sensitivity, particularly in alcohol-induced pancreatitis. "
8.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 11/01/1998 - "In an attempt to decrease the infectious complications of acute pancreatitis and its high mortality, many investigators have conducted randomized prospective trials on the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics. " 12/07/2014 - "While conservative management such as fluid, bowel rest, and antibiotics is the mainstay of current acute pancreatitis management, there is a lot of promise in pharmacologic therapies that target various aspects of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. " 12/01/2008 - "Data collected from patients' histories were compared with indications for antibiotic treatment and antibiotics with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in acute pancreatitis which were obtained from published literature. " 01/01/2006 - "To carry out a meta-analysis of published studies in order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). " 04/01/2008 - "On the day after the procedure pancreatitis developed in 1 patient but was cured by fasting and intravenous nutrition with antibiotics for 7 days. "
9.	Taurocholic Acid (Sodium Taurocholate)IBA 11/01/1990 - "This study has examined, in rats with taurocholate-induced pancreatitis, the efficacy of removal of the peritoneal exudate by aspiration and a single lavage, followed by instillation of an exogenous antiprotease solution. " 10/01/2013 - "Neuronostatin ameliorates sodium taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats." 11/01/2009 - "These results showed that ETA has an ameliorating effect on sodium taurocholate-induced acute necrotic pancreatitis." 01/01/2015 - "Our study aimed to investigate the effect of RA in sodium taurocholate ( NaTC )-induced acute pancreatitis, both in vivo and in vitro. " 01/01/2015 - "The present study was designed to observe the protective effect of Tet on sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). "
10.	TrypsinIBA 03/01/2005 - "Transgenic expression of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor-I ameliorates secretagogue-induced pancreatitis in mice." 07/01/2015 - "Continued experimental studies are necessary to determine the specific relationships between trypsin-antitrypsin imbalance and genetic heterogeneity in pancreatitis. " 08/01/2008 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of genetic variants of the trypsin inhibitor, SPINK1, in acute pancreatitis. " 03/01/2007 - "In this study, elimination of trypsin-like enzyme activity (TLE) and cationic trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) using low-volume CHDF was examined at the first CHDF session in eight patients with severe acute pancreatitis. " 06/01/2006 - "Recent studies, using mice in which the trypsin inhibitor gene has been deleted or overexpressed, provide novel insights into the role of SPINK in pancreatic development and pancreatitis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Enteral Nutrition (Feeding, Tube) 01/01/2006 - "Current best evidence is in favour of early institution of enteral feeding in acute severe pancreatitis with promising results from trials in immunonutrition on other patient groups. " 01/01/2015 - "Early enteral nutrition is beneficial for acute pancreatitis (AP), but the optimal timing and criteria remain unclear. " 03/01/2004 - "In acute pancreatitis, enteral nutrition has been shown to be safe and effective. " 05/01/2000 - "Postoperative enteral nutrition seems to be safe and effective in patients with severe pancreatitis and may improve survival. " 05/01/2000 - "To find out whether postoperative enteral feeding is safe and effective in patients with severe pancreatitis. "
2.	Stents 01/01/2011 - "The efficacy of prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients at high risk has been established in several randomized controlled trials. " 08/01/2010 - "A strategy of prophylactic PD stents in this study has eliminated severe post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients. " 08/01/2010 - "The use of temporary prophylactic pancreatic duct (PD) stents in the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis in high-risk patients has been shown to be effective in multiple trials. " 06/14/2014 - "A fixed-effects model in meta-analysis supported that pancreatic duct stents significantly decreased the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in high-risk patients (OR = 0.25; 95%CI: 0.17-0.38; P < 0.001). " 02/01/2014 - "Previous meta-analyses show that prophylactic pancreatic stent (PS) placement after ERCP is beneficial for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). "
3.	Endoscopic Sphincterotomy 03/01/2000 - "Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) appear to be beneficial in patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis. " 04/01/1998 - "These results suggest that endoscopic sphincterotomy could be beneficial in acute biliary or idiopathic pancreatitis but they are not statistically significant. " 01/01/1998 - "Endoscopic papillotomy with stone retrieval is beneficial in patients with severe biliary pancreatitis. " 06/01/2012 - "To analyze the efficacy of pancreatic duct (PD) stenting following endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) compared with EST alone in reducing complication rate and improving overall outcome in acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). " 05/24/1993 - "Early aggressive treatment of biliary pancreatitis remains controversial; however, endoscopic sphincterotomy may be helpful in more severe cases of biliary pancreatitis if there is no clinical improvement over 48 to 72 hours. "
4.	Parenteral Nutrition 07/01/1982 - "The lipid-based system of parenteral nutrition was well tolerated and effective in this series of patients with pancreatitis." 01/01/2009 - "The results of treatment of 90 patients with necrotic pancreatitis were analyzed with the aim to establish the efficacy of early enteric nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition. " 04/01/2000 - "Enteral, rather than parenteral, nutrition has been associated with an improved clinical outcome in severe pancreatitis." 07/01/1986 - "[Anabolic efficacy of parenteral feeding using the amino acid preparation "Polyamine" in acute pancreatitis]." 07/01/1982 - "No exacerbations of pancreatitis were attributable to the intravenous feedings and the manifestations of the disease resolved or improved in eight patients. "
5.	Pancreatectomy 01/01/1978 - "A patient with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis treated successfully with total pancreatectomy is reported. " 01/01/2015 - "A workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases focused on research gaps and opportunities in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) for the management of chronic pancreatitis. " 11/01/2014 - "A workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases focused on research gaps and opportunities in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) for the management of chronic pancreatitis (CP). " 10/01/2014 - "Total pancreatectomy and islet cell autotransplantation (TPIAT) has been increasingly utilized for the management of chronic pancreatitis (CP) with early success. " 04/01/2012 - "We herein describe a case in which the patient repeatedly experienced the occurrence of idiopathic acute pancreatitis in the head of the pancreas over a 9-year period, and who was ultimately was cured by distal pancreatectomy for IPMNs in the pancreatic tail. "