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Osteoporosis

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Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Also Known As:

Age Related Osteoporosis; Age-Related Bone Loss; Age-Related Bone Losses; Age-Related Osteoporoses; Bone Loss, Age Related; Bone Losses, Age-Related; Osteoporoses; Osteoporoses, Age-Related; Osteoporoses, Senile; Osteoporosis, Age Related; Osteoporosis, Post Traumatic; Post-Traumatic Osteoporoses; Post-Traumatic Osteoporosis; Senile Osteoporoses; Age-Related Osteoporosis; Bone Loss, Age-Related; Osteoporosis, Age-Related; Osteoporosis, Post-Traumatic; Osteoporosis, Senile; Senile Osteoporosis

Networked: 18925 relevant articles (1331 outcomes, 2850 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Musculoskeletal Diseases: 179
- Bone Diseases: 3566
  - Metabolic Bone Diseases: 3238
    - Osteoporosis: 18925

Related Diseases

1.	Bone Resorption
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
4.	Metabolic Bone Diseases (Osteopenia)
5.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)

Experts

1.	Reginster, Jean-Yves: 69 articles (02/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Boonen, Steven: 57 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Miller, Paul D: 53 articles (06/2015 - 05/2002)
4.	Iwamoto, Jun: 51 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Adachi, Jonathan D: 49 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Lewiecki, E Michael: 49 articles (08/2015 - 11/2002)
7.	Shiraki, Masataka: 47 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
8.	Sugimoto, Toshitsugu: 44 articles (09/2015 - 04/2002)
9.	Rizzoli, R: 43 articles (12/2015 - 01/2000)
10.	Bilezikian, John P: 43 articles (01/2014 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Osteoporosis:

1.	DiphosphonatesIBA 01/01/2013 - "The amino-bisphosphonates are first-line therapy for the treatment of most patients with osteoporosis, with proven efficacy to reduce fracture risk at the spine, hip, and other nonvertebral skeletal sites. " 11/01/2011 - "Outcomes showed that, relative to no treatment, treatment with oral bisphosphonates was predicted to be cost saving for most women aged ≥70 years with osteoporosis or at least one risk factor for fracture, and cost effective for women aged ≥75 years without prior fracture when used as a component of a population-based screen-and-treat programme. " 01/01/2011 - "Bisphosphonates, highly effective in the treatment of adults with osteoporosis, have also been used in children with secondary osteoporosis. " 01/01/2011 - "Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most widely used and effective treatment for osteoporosis and Paget's disease. " 01/01/2010 - "Bisphosphonates are the most commonly used treatment for osteoporosis and have proven efficacy in the reduction of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. "
2.	Alendronate (Alendronate Sodium)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Osteoporosis screening followed by alendronate treatment is effective and highly cost-effective for postmenopausal women across a range of alendronate costs, and may be cost-saving at annual alendronate costs of $200 or less." 10/01/2005 - "Universal bone densitometry combined with alendronate therapy for those found to have osteoporosis is highly cost-effective for women aged 65 and older and may be cost saving for ambulatory women aged 85 and older (whether independently living or residing in nursing homes)." 10/01/2005 - "Universal bone densitometry screening combined with alendronate therapy for those diagnosed with osteoporosis is highly cost-effective for elderly women." 07/01/2000 - "Recent results from the first megatrial of osteoporosis with >6400 participants, the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT), have provided important advances in our understanding of osteoporosis and the efficacy of alendronate. " 01/01/2000 - "As there are no proven safe and effective treatments available for men with osteoporosis, we compared the effects of alendronate (10 mg/day) on BMD, measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in a 12-month prospective, controlled, open label study involving (i) men with primary (n = 23) or secondary osteoporosis (n = 18), (ii) postmenopausal women with primary (n = 18) or secondary (n = 21) osteoporosis, and (iii) 29 male and 14 female untreated controls matched by age, height and weight. "
3.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Osteoporosis is one of the most frequent diseases in postmenopausal women, leading to an increased fracture risk due to the physiologic loss of the bone protective effects of estrogen. " 09/01/2009 - "Currently, the nonhuman primate is the most widely used large animal model to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drug entities to treat or prevent estrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss and osteoporosis. " 01/01/2008 - "Because of the striking resemblance of skeletal responses in humans and rats in the state of estrogen deficiency, the ovx rat is considered to be a gold standard model for evaluating drugs for prevention and reversal of osteoporosis. " 07/01/2009 - "Although estrogens, are not any more the first choice therapy for osteoporosis, the are still important and promising treatment option for women after menopause. " 09/01/2001 - "Estrogen, especially when begun early in menopause, has been shown to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. "
4.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2001 - "Prevention of osteoporosis is the best approach to the problem, and it should be started in early childhood with general measures (diet with sufficient calcium intake, life style with physical exercise) in a involved national program. " 04/01/2006 - "The "critical period model" within the life course construct is operative for calcium, a nutrient for which adequate intake is critically important during adolescence when peak bone density development, necessary for later protection against osteoporosis, is important." 03/01/1994 - "Optimal calcium intakes are desirable for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, but the safety and efficacy of some calcium supplements used to achieve such intakes have been questioned. " 11/01/2012 - "However, large randomized trials demonstrate conflicting data on the antifracture efficacy of calcium supplementation, particularly in high doses, in patients with osteoporosis without CKD. " 11/01/1989 - "The results of this study support previous work which has indicated that supplemental calcium may be beneficial in combatting age-related bone loss."
5.	Vitamin D FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2016 - "Vitamin D is reported to be beneficial on endothelial function, but it remains controversial whether vitamin D is effective for endothelial dysfunction under the treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. " 01/01/2011 - "Vitamin D supplementation for 12 months of osteoporosis and low bone mass therapy in children caused a statistically significant increase in concentrations of the hepatic metabolite of vitamin D and a significant reduction in serum PTH levels. " 06/01/2005 - "More than half of North American women receiving therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis have vitamin D inadequacy, underscoring the need for improved physician and public education regarding optimization of vitamin D status in this population." 01/01/1997 - "Although vitamin D supplementation decreases bone loss and fracture risk in the frail elderly, vitamin D metabolites may prove more useful in the treatment of elderly women with vertebral osteoporosis." 04/01/2005 - "Recently, vitamin D metabolites have been internationally recognized to be effective for osteoporosis. "
6.	risedronic acid (risedronate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "In an earlier interim report, we found that 1 year of risedronate therapy resulted in significant increases in bone mineral density (BMD) and a significant reduction in vertebral fractures compared to control in men with osteoporosis. " 01/01/2009 - "Sustained efficacy of risedronate in men with primary and secondary osteoporosis: results of a 2-year study." 06/01/2008 - "Monotherapy with alfacarcidol was effective for secondary osteoporosis in children, but when used in combination with risedronate it was even more effective in improving BMD. " 09/01/2014 - "Also in male and steroidal osteoporosis, clinical controlled studies have shown that risedronate is effective in decreasing vertebral fracture incidence. " 01/01/2006 - "At a hypothetical threshold value of euro 40,000 per QALY gained, the results in this study indicate that risedronate is a cost-effective treatment in elderly women at the threshold of osteoporosis (i.e., a T-score of -2.5) with prevalent vertebral fractures in Sweden, Finland, Belgium, and Spain."
7.	Raloxifene (Evista)FDA Link 07/01/2007 - "In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, low-dose HRT produced significantly greater increases in BMD of the lumbar spine and total body and greater decreases in bone turnover than raloxifene at 12 months." 02/01/2006 - "The definite anti-fracture efficacy of raloxifene at the spine, its plausible effect on non-spine fracture in high-risk patients and its beneficial effect on breast and heart make this compound an interesting approach for women presenting with osteoporosis. " 01/01/2006 - "In conclusion, raloxifene treatment at 60 mg/day for 1 year resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of new clinical vertebral fractures and any new clinical fracture in postmenopausal Asian women with osteoporosis." 07/01/2013 - "The Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial (MORE) and its extension-Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE), a double-blind, randomized clinical trial encompassing postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, showed promising results in both bone and renal studies. " 03/01/2006 - "The Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial of women with osteoporosis has described the efficacy of raloxifene in decreasing vertebral fracture risk over 4 years. "
8.	Teriparatide (Parathar)FDA Link 09/01/2012 - "As the first FDA-approved anabolic agent for osteoporosis, teriparatide has proven effective for people at highest risk of fracture, despite limitations of expense, route of delivery, and length of treatment. " 09/01/2010 - "This multicenter study assessed the safety and efficacy of teriparatide 20 microg/day in Japanese men and women with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture during a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment period followed by second and third treatment periods (to 18 and 24 months, respectively,) in which all subjects received open-label teriparatide. " 11/01/2003 - "These data show that teriparatide treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis significantly increased cancellous bone volume and connectivity, improved trabecular morphology with a shift toward a more plate-like structure, and increased cortical bone thickness. " 07/01/2015 - "Effective treatment of severe pregnancy and lactation-related osteoporosis with teriparatide: case report and review of the literature." 06/01/2008 - "These results show that teriparatide is an effective and safe drug in increasing the BMD and therefore, teriparatide provides yet another new therapeutic option for reducing the risk management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00500409)."
9.	strontium ranelate (protelos)IBA 12/01/2008 - "These data demonstrate a significant vertebral antifracture efficacy of strontium ranelate in young postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years with severe osteoporosis and confirm the efficacy of this antiosteoporotic treatment to prevent vertebral fractures, whatever the age of the patient." 01/01/2005 - "The antifracture efficacy of strontium ranelate, 2 g/day orally, an agent that appears to have dissociation effects on resorption and formation, has been assessed in two large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies: the Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention (SOTI) trial and the TReatment Of Peripheral Osteoporosis Study (TROPOS), including more than 6,700 postmenopausal women. " 06/01/2010 - "The purpose of this review is to analyze whether the fracture-reducing efficacy of strontium ranelate in patients with osteoporosis can be achieved independently of sex, etiology of osteoporosis, and the major diagnostically relevant risk factors." 02/01/2009 - "The Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention trial established that strontium ranelate decreased the incidence of vertebral fractures, but had little effect on the incidence of non-vertebral fractures. " 12/01/2008 - "The Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention (SOTI) was an international, double blind, placebo controlled trial, supporting the efficacy of strontium ranelate 2 g/day in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and a prevalent vertebral fracture. "
10.	HormonesIBA 01/01/2002 - "Our recent findings suggest that dried plums, a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, are highly effective in modulating bone mass in an ovarian hormone-deficient rat model of osteoporosis. " 11/01/2002 - "Hormone replacement treatment (HRT) is beneficial for correction of sexual symptoms and osteoporosis in both sexes, especially in females. " 10/01/2007 - "The advice that the lowest dose of hormone therapy should be given for the shortest possible time and that hormone therapy should no longer be a first-line treatment for osteoporosis has lead to a major shift in prescribing practice. " 03/01/2004 - "Following American randomised controlled epidemiologic studies (HERS, WHI), regulatory authorities have advised that postmenopausal hormone therapy, using minimal effective dosages, is indicated for the first line treatment of climacteric symptoms during a limited, and problem-related period of time, and for second line prevention of osteoporosis when a non-hormonal treatment cannot be used. " 05/01/2003 - "It is clear that hormone therapy is effective for postmenopausal symptoms and osteoporosis prevention. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 03/28/2003 - "Therefore, when considering the reasons for prescribing hormone replacement therapy in this population, protection against osteoporosis will for most women be the prime consideration." 03/01/2002 - "New evidence suggests hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may not be the best option for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after all, leaving clinicians to reconsider their recommendations to patients with or at risk of the devastating disease." 11/08/1989 - "Recent advances in the techniques for measuring bone mass and the advent of hormone replacement therapy have markedly improved the outlook for patients with osteoporosis. " 11/01/2000 - "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to be beneficial in reducing osteoporosis and alleviating climacteric symptoms. " 01/01/2007 - "These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. "
2.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 12/23/2014 - "Furthermore, the in vivo results of an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis model showed that CUR-CGNPs significantly improved bone density and prevented bone loss. " 01/01/2013 - "Combined ovariectomy and deficient diet in rats caused significant reduction of BMD, BMC, and bone area, with nearly 40% bone loss after 14 months, indicating the development of severe osteoporosis. " 07/01/2009 - "The results indicate that the injected Mg/Zn/F-CaP compounds were effective in preventing bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats and suggest that these compounds have potential use for treating osteoporosis." 01/01/2007 - "We investigated whether treatments with beta-blockers or other administrations that have similar actions to beta-blockers, such as Chinese herbs or needling, were effective in treating osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy (OVX). " 01/01/2004 - "The flavonoid extract from Epimedium sagittatum (FES) has been found by us to be effective in preventing osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in rats. "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2014 - "Low treatment adherence and persistence are important considerations in the management of chronic disorders such as osteoporosis, as they are linked to the reduced effectiveness of drug therapy. " 05/01/2010 - "This approach, together with adequate drug therapy, may lead to significant reduction of fractures in osteoporosis patients with subsequent reduction of hospitalization and residual consequent disabilities." 10/01/2007 - "The use of osteoporosis pharmacotherapy or hip protectors improved by 8.0% in the intervention group and 0.6% in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=.72). " 04/01/2002 - "Because of the limited efficacy of available agents and to limit toxicity, there is considerable interest in combination pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis. " 02/01/2001 - "The efficacy of drug therapies for osteoporosis in men requires greater attention. "
4.	Estrogen Replacement Therapy 10/01/1999 - "Estrogen replacement therapy is increasingly used by perimenopausal and postmenopausal women for management of menopausal symptoms and for long-term protection against osteoporosis and arterial disease. " 10/01/2000 - "Observational studies do not suggest any superiority of a given progestogen regarding cardiovascular risk, prevention of osteoporosis, and cognitive function in postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy. " 03/01/1990 - "Although clinicians and policy groups have advocated estrogen replacement therapy and other clinical measures to prevent osteoporosis, few studies have assessed whether these measures are being adopted by physicians in practice. " 01/01/2007 - "[Use of estrogen-replacement therapy in menopause--secondary prevention of osteoporosis]." 12/01/2006 - "Although estrogen replacement has been the main therapy to prevent and treat osteoporosis, there are concerns about its safety. "
5.	Vertebroplasty 11/01/2015 - "Vertebroplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures, which are one of the most common fractures associated with osteoporosis. " 07/01/2009 - "Safety and efficacy of vertebroplasty: Early results of a prospective one-year case series of osteoporosis patients in an academic high-volume center." 07/01/2014 - "Therefore, vertebroplasty is not the end of treatment, and we need to further study ways to improve the bone cement material, which is crucial for long-term vertebroplasty efficacy, to better treat osteoporosis." 01/01/2012 - "A group of 334 patients with osteoporosis, and who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty during the study period, was compared to 1,655 age-, sex- and propensity score-matched patients who did not undergo vertebroplasty. " 08/01/2006 - "A substantial number of patients with osteoporosis, 19% of the study population, experienced new fractures following treatment with vertebroplasty. "