Orchitis

Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

Also Known As:

Networked: 413 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 31 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Mumps
2.	Infertility (Sterility)
3.	Atrophy
4.	Spermatic Cord Torsion (Testicular Torsion)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Itoh, Masahiro: 15 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Lustig, Livia: 14 articles (02/2015 - 06/2003)
3.	Naito, Munekazu: 12 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
4.	Terayama, Hayato: 11 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
5.	Hirai, Shuichi: 11 articles (09/2015 - 06/2008)
6.	Qu, Ning: 10 articles (09/2015 - 06/2008)
7.	Ogawa, Yuki: 8 articles (09/2015 - 10/2005)
8.	Lustig, L: 8 articles (08/2012 - 02/2000)
9.	Rival, Claudia: 6 articles (11/2013 - 06/2003)
10.	Meinhardt, Andreas: 5 articles (02/2015 - 10/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Orchitis:

1.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)FDA Link 07/01/1991 - "Four patients with bilateral mumps orchitis received systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B (3 X 10(6) IU/day) for 7 days. " 07/01/1991 - "Four patients with bilateral mumps orchitis received systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B (3 x 10(6) IU per day) for 7 days. " 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B: an effective method to prevent sterility after bilateral mumps orchitis." 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B appears to be highly effective in preventing sterility and testicular atrophy after bilateral mumps orchitis. " 07/01/1991 - "Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B appears to be highly effective in preventing sterility and testicular atrophy after bilateral mumps orchitis. "
2.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2014 - "The results obtained in this study showed statistically significant elevated titers of ER-60 antibodies in sera from patients with histologically confirmed testicular inflammatory lesions and from a few patients with acute epididymo-orchitis. " 04/01/2012 - "Autoimmune orchitis is a relevant cause of decreased fecundity in males, and it is defined as a direct aggression to the testis with the concomitant presence of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA). " 06/01/1992 - "The immunological work-up for antibodies in sera or seminal plasma gave normal results for the patients diagnosed with orchitis, as well as the controls. " 12/01/1979 - "Antibodies interacting with spermatid structures in the testis sections and with acrosome and caudal regions of spermatozoa in the smears of sperm were determined in the sera of guinea pigs and mice with experimental autoimmune orchitis by the indirect immunofluorescent method. " 04/04/1959 - "Orchitis associated with sperm-agglutinating antibodies."
3.	CholesterolIBA 10/01/2006 - "This study aimed to assess whether spontaneous autoimmune orchitis (AIO), which causes impaired clearance of apoptotic germ cells and spermatogenic arrest, involves SR-BI, SR-BII, and/or cholesterol. "
4.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/1986 - "This responded well to antibiotics but was followed by a less acute form of epididymo-orchitis, which did not respond to antibiotics and which tissue biopsy showed to be tuberculous. " 01/01/2015 - "He was diagnosed and treated as epididymo-orchitis and managed with antibiotics. " 02/01/2014 - "The patient was subsequently treated with antibiotics for a presumed diagnosis of orchitis. " 01/01/2014 - "Two months prior to this, he had had an episode of bacterial epididymo-orchitis that was treated with oral antibiotics. " 08/01/2004 - "Clinically, our patients presented with spermatic cord enlargement (case 1) and chronic orchitis that did not respond to treatment with antibiotics (case 2). "
5.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/24/1960 - "[Is prednisone really effective in orchitis caused by parotitis?]." 06/01/1959 - "The treatment of mumps orchitis with prednisone." 05/01/1957 - "[Orchitis caused by epidemic parotitis & prednisone]."
6.	Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m (Pertechnetate)FDA Link 12/01/1983 - "Two patients who originally presented with clinical symptoms of epididymo-orchitis, with compatible findings on the Tc-99m pertechnetate scrotal images, had temporary remission of their symptoms with antibiotic therapy. " 12/01/1977 - "A 99MTc pertechnetate image demonstrated epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele in a 15-year-old youth with painless scrotal swelling. "
7.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 05/01/2006 - "Both presented with features highly suggestive of systemic necrotizing vasculitis, including constitutional symptoms, orchitis (in one), leg pain with sensory neuropathy, livedo, focal areas of skin necrosis, painful cutaneous nodules demonstrating vasculitis or inconspicuous changes on biopsy, raised acute phase reactants, and transient improvement with systemic corticosteroids. " 05/01/2007 - "The initial predictive factors assessed, observed during the first 3 months, included: demographic data, clinical manifestations (persistent palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, severe abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, orchitis, central nervous system involvement and pulmonary hemorrhage), laboratory tests (serum IgA levels) and treatment given (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and immunosuppressive drugs). "
8.	Arsphenamine (Salvarsan)IBA 12/01/1911 - "A corresponding reaction has been obtained neither in rabbits suffering from active syphilitic orchitis, nor in those in which the condition had been cured by the administration of salvarsan four months previously. "
9.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1996 - "The fourth reported case of candidal epididymo-orchitis in the literature and the first reported case successfully cured with only low dose amphotericin B is described. "
10.	Acute-Phase Proteins (Acute-Phase Protein)IBA 05/01/2006 - "Both presented with features highly suggestive of systemic necrotizing vasculitis, including constitutional symptoms, orchitis (in one), leg pain with sensory neuropathy, livedo, focal areas of skin necrosis, painful cutaneous nodules demonstrating vasculitis or inconspicuous changes on biopsy, raised acute phase reactants, and transient improvement with systemic corticosteroids. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 10/01/1991 - " All 7 patients with epididymo-orchitis were relieved, although 1 required orchidectomy. " 07/01/2013 - "Orchiectomy performed in two patients with Brucella orchitis mimicking testicular tumour." 12/01/2010 - "Radical inguinal orchiectomy revealed diffuse gram-negative orchitis.This" 10/01/2009 - "Rarely orchitis is clinically or radiographically suggestive of neoplasia, resulting in a testicular biopsy or orchiectomy being performed. " 08/01/2008 - "Xanthogranulomatous orchitis (XGO) is a rare histological finding that is generally diagnosed at orchiectomy. "
2.	Subcutaneous Injections 09/01/2008 - "We previously established that two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone can induce CD4+ T cell-dependent experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in mice. " 12/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to determine long-term efficacy and safety subcutaneous injection of interferon-alpha-2B in patients with mumps orchitis in terms of testicular volume and other testicular functions. " 12/01/2012 - "Previously, we established an immunological infertility model, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), that can be induced in mice by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells without the use of any adjuvant. " 12/01/2012 - "We previously established an immunological infertility model, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), which can be induced by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells on days 0 and 14 in mice without using any adjuvant. " 10/01/2005 - "In sharp contrast, subcutaneous injection of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone induces autoimmune orchitis with no involvement of the epididymitis in mice. "
3.	Injections 03/01/1993 - "In the present study, it was demonstrated that there were marked strain differences in susceptibility to the induction of our new murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO; definite orchitis with hypospermatogenesis) induced by two or three sc injections with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without any adjuvants. " 02/01/1992 - "Recently, we established a novel murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice by means of two sc injections of 1 x 10(7) viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without the use of any adjuvants. " 03/01/1993 - "In our novel murine model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) induced by two or three injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) alone, significant differences in susceptibility to the induction of EAO were found, and the disease susceptibility did not seem to be associated with a particular H-2 haplotype. " 11/01/1991 - "Previous studies demonstrated that experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was produced in C3H/He mice with very high incidence by subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC), without resorting to any adjuvants or immunopotentiators. " 04/01/1994 - "We have previously shown that two injections with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) alone developed experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice, and that the induction of antigen-specific tolerance in this EAO model is associated with the generation of antigen-specific suppressively regulatory T (Ts) cells. "
4.	Ligation 01/01/1973 - "[Induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in guinea pigs after ligation of the seminiferous ducts]." 02/01/2004 - "Forty mice were randomized to 1 of 4 study groups: local infection (orchitis), systemic infection (intra-abdominal sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture), local and systemic infection, and control. " 08/01/1983 - "The genetic susceptibility was compared in six mouse strains to both postthymectomy (post-Tx) autoimmune orchitis, induced by thymectomy at Day 3, and postvasectomy (post-Vx) autoimmune testicular lesions, induced by bilateral vasectomy with ligation at 2 months of age. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 11/01/2014 - "This study consisted of the identification of autoantibodies for testicular antigens in sera of patients with low-grade testicular inflammation, validation of candidates, development of an ELISA for the most promising target antigen and measurement of autoantibodies titers in healthy normozoospermic men (n = 20); male blood donors (n = 14); men with impaired semen quality without (n = 14) or with (n = 26) symptoms of genital tract infection/inflammation; azoospermic men with histologically confirmed testicular inflammatory lesions (n = 16); men after pharmacotherapy of genital tract infection/inflammation (n = 15) and men with acute epididymo-orchitis (n = 30). "