Optic Nerve Diseases (Optic Neuropathy)

Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1461 relevant articles (71 outcomes, 108 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Graves Ophthalmopathy
2.	Exophthalmos (Proptosis)
3.	Eye Diseases (Eye Disease)
4.	Diplopia (Double Vision)
5.	Optic Neuritis (Retrobulbar Neuritis)

Experts

1.	Sadun, Alfredo A: 23 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Carelli, Valerio: 18 articles (12/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Miller, Neil R: 11 articles (12/2014 - 11/2003)
4.	Ross-Cisneros, Fred N: 9 articles (12/2015 - 05/2002)
5.	Danesh-Meyer, Helen V: 9 articles (10/2015 - 06/2004)
6.	La Morgia, Chiara: 8 articles (07/2015 - 01/2007)
7.	Levin, Leonard A: 7 articles (12/2015 - 11/2003)
8.	Chinnery, Patrick F: 7 articles (11/2015 - 01/2005)
9.	Amati-Bonneau, Patrizia: 7 articles (11/2015 - 02/2008)
10.	Barboni, Piero: 7 articles (07/2015 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Optic Nerve Diseases:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 11/01/1982 - "Visual field changes were seen to be distinctive and, like electrophysiologic tests, were helpful in pointing to a retinal degenerative process rather than an optic neuropathy." 06/01/2015 - "Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a preliminary report." 12/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to appraise the correlation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with indication of optic neuropathy based on fundus examination. " 02/01/2014 - "Our study shows that optic nerve diseases are associated with selective changes in different retinal layers in patients with ODE and ONHD. " 06/01/2013 - "In this study, spectroscopic analysis was conducted on the retinal tissues of seven beagles with acute elevation of intraocular pressure (AEIOP), six beagles with compressive optic neuropathy (CON), and five healthy beagles. "
2.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1989 - "Pulse methylprednisolone therapy appears to be beneficial in the initial management of severe dysthyroid optic neuropathy." 05/01/2014 - "While pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone (iv-MP) has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO), limited data are available on dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). " 08/01/1999 - "The study was carried out to assess the efficacy of megadose intravenous methylprednisolone in patients of bilateral simultaneous optic neuropathy (BSON) of unknown etiology. " 01/01/2015 - "Optic neuropathy was treated with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone. " 10/01/2014 - "A 76-year-old lady presenting with acute dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) was stabilised with systemic intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP). "
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 09/01/1986 - "The author suggests a trial of megadose, intravenous corticosteroids in patients between the ages of 21 and 45 years with optic neuropathies of uncertain or suspected autoimmune etiology after appropriate neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation." 01/01/2014 - "The present case highlights the fact that electric current injury can present with only a unilateral ischaemic optic neuropathy, the need for early diagnosis for timely treatment and the controversial role of corticosteroids. " 11/01/2010 - "These findings were suggestive of unilateral dysthyroid optic neuropathy, and a 2-week course of pulsed high-dose intravenous corticosteroids was subsequently administered. " 12/01/2007 - "Conservative management, including intravenous corticosteroids, failed to resolve the patient's symptoms and compressive optic neuropathy. " 08/01/2004 - "He was diagnosed with retrobulbar optic neuropathy, and was started on a treatment of intravenous corticosteroids, showing no improvement. "
4.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 12/01/2009 - "The first-line treatment for optic neuropathy and/or corneal ulceration are intravenous glucocorticoids. " 09/01/2012 - "Radiotherapy should only be offered in the early active phase, is most effective in combination with glucocorticoids, and may have specific indications for dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), inflammatory periocular changes, or progressive motility disturbance. " 04/01/2012 - "High-dose i.v. glucocorticoids (ivGC) should be immediately given to patients with optic neuropathy, and orbital decompression should be performed in non-responders. " 01/01/2014 - "Glucocorticoids, orbital radiotherapy, and decompression/rehabilitative surgery are generally indicated for moderate-to-severe GO and for sight-threatening optic neuropathy. " 09/01/2004 - "The use of glucocorticoids is a well-established method of treatment, indicated in severe inflammatory forms as well as in complicated forms of optic neuropathy, ocular hypertension, and corneal exposure, and are used orally or intravenously, at high doses and for prolonged periods of time. "
5.	OxygenIBA 08/01/1986 - "While hyperbaric oxygen is effective in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy, it must be instituted within several days of deterioration in vision for restoration of baseline function." 03/01/1994 - "Results suggest that hyperbaric oxygen might be a new remedy for the selected cases of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy and call for a controlled clinical study aiming to accurately assess its efficacy." 08/01/2014 - "The probable influence of environmental background on clinical expression of Leber optic neuropathy, particularly those of prematurity and oxygen therapy, is discussed in our manuscript. " 01/01/2014 - "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy has been utilized in conjunction with systemic corticosteroid administration for treating radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RON) with varying success. " 01/01/2014 - "Case report: hyperbaric oxygen and MRI findings in radiation-induced optic neuropathy."
6.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 06/01/2005 - "Discontinuation of the linezolid therapy resulted in marked improvement of optic neuropathy. " 09/01/2006 - "Although daily-half doses of linezolid were effective in patients with intractable or extensive MDR-TB, this dosage regimen did not reduce long-term use-related side effects, such as peripheral and optic neuropathy." 12/01/2015 - "Although the clinical features were similar to linezolid-induced optic neuropathy, the mfERG findings suggest the possibility of a retinopathy through cone dysfunction." 12/01/2015 - "While optic neuropathy is a well-known cause of visual disturbances in linezolid-treated patients, the possibility of linezolid-related retinopathy has not been investigated. " 03/01/2015 - "[Severe linezolid-induced toxic optic neuropathy]."
7.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2009 - "Letter: Visual acuity improvement in acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy treated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection." 03/01/2009 - "Visual acuity improvement in acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy treated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection." 11/01/2008 - "We evaluated the role of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection in eyes with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). " 11/01/2008 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy."
8.	Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)IBA 08/01/2010 - "We observed a 2- to 4-fold increase in mtDNA copy number at the single-fibre level, and patients with DOA(+) features had significantly greater mtDNA proliferation in their COX-negative skeletal muscle fibres compared with patients with isolated optic neuropathy. " 01/01/2011 - "The main objective of this study is to investigate the frequency of primary and secondary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations for LHON in patients diagnosed as having alcohol and tobacco optic neuropathy (ATON). " 03/01/2008 - "Evidence from several studies suggests that both nuclear modifier genes and environmental factors may be necessary to trigger the optic neuropathy in individuals harboring an LHON-causing mtDNA mutation. " 09/01/1996 - "Molecular mitochondrial DNA study confirmed a homoplasmic 11778 Leber's optic neuropathy." 05/01/1994 - "Diagnosis of LON should be suspected in every patient with atypical visual loss secondary to an optic neuropathy of undetermined etiology and mitochondrial DNA studies should be performed. "
9.	Ethambutol (Myambutol)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1987 - "This study suggests that Arden contrast sensitivity plates would be effective in detecting subclinical toxic optic neuropathy due to ethambutol and therefore could be used for routine monitoring of ocular function of patients on ethambutol. " 11/01/2012 - "Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy: a nationwide population-based study from Taiwan." 01/01/1995 - "Thirty-six axial type ethambutol optic neuropathy patients, who visited our neuro-ophthalmology clinic from January, 1990, to December, 1993, were included in this study. " 11/01/1972 - "[Studies on the occurrence of optic nerve diseases in the course of myambutol therapy]." 09/01/2015 - "Ethambutol was the cause of toxic optic neuropathy in 4 patients and nutritional factors (tobacco-alcohol) in 4 patients. "
10.	SteroidsIBA 07/01/1993 - "The patient responded to high-dose steroids with resolution of his optic neuropathy, marked decrease in the size of the mass, and resolution of the serum polyclonal gammopathy. " 01/01/2011 - "Intravenous steroids were reported in a single trial to be the most efficient intervention for dysthyroid optic neuropathy. " 05/01/2014 - "Therapeutic outcomes of high-dose intravenous steroids in the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy." 01/01/2014 - "The patient was diagnosed with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and the steroids were tapered off. " 02/01/2013 - "In some patients, optic neuropathy may improve with intravitreal steroids or anti-angiogenic agents. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Decompression 02/01/1997 - "Orbital decompression has most commonly been performed for optic neuropathy, but with improved techniques, more patients are undergoing decompression for other indications. " 04/01/2005 - "Endoscopic medial orbital decompression is very effective in resolving compressive optic neuropathy. " 11/01/1990 - "Finally, we propose that optic nerve sheath decompression may be effective for what appear to be very different optic neuropathies because the operation may reverse optic nerve ischaemia, a common pathophysiologic feature of all these disorders." 08/01/2007 - "Endoscopic optic nerve decompression appears to be an effective treatment for restoring visual acuity in select patients who present with compressive optic neuropathy." 10/01/2005 - "Orbital decompression is a safe procedure and effective in improving vision in compressive optic neuropathy. "
2.	Radiotherapy 11/01/2014 - "Leukemic optic neuropathy is a critical sign, not only for vision, but also for life, and radiotherapy should be immediately performed before irreversible optic nerve damage occurs." 10/01/2014 - "Acute dysthyroid optic neuropathy exacerbated by orbital radiotherapy." 02/01/2012 - "Radiation optic neuropathy (RON) is a devastating complication of radiotherapy to the anterior visual pathway resulting in acute, profound and sometimes irreversible visual loss. " 07/01/2010 - "Sixteen months after radiotherapy, the patient was presented with declining visual acuity, and radiation-induced optic neuropathy was diagnosed. " 07/01/2010 - "Optic neuropathy following radiotherapy for Cushing's disease: case report and literature review."
3.	Hyperbaric Oxygenation 07/01/2010 - "The pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy, including the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy are reviewed." 04/01/1991 - "A previously healthy 23-year-old male parachutist developed optic neuropathy after a series of multiple repeated hypobaric exposures; his symptoms improved promptly with recompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. " 06/01/2012 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of radiation optic neuropathy." 03/01/2006 - "MEDLINE searches were performed on radiation optic neuropathy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and similar terms, and selected references were reviewed. " 03/01/2006 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced optic neuropathy."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/01/2012 - "To report the clinical data and visual outcomes after treatment of patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). " 04/01/2012 - "Clinical profile and visual outcomes after treatment in patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy." 03/01/2012 - "The remaining 6 patients had preexisting optic neuropathy-related visual loss that worsened after treatment. " 03/01/2012 - "An optic neuropathy was present in at least 30 (34%) of 88 patients after treatment. " 05/01/1999 - "Six months after treatment, the patient was doing well and showed no signs of radiation-induced optic neuropathy."
5.	Injections 02/01/2009 - "In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of peribulbar triamcinolone injections to treat inflammatory signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with moderate to severe GO and associated optic neuropathy (ON). " 10/01/1997 - "To test the suppressive effects of pentoxifylline in preventing TNF-alpha-mediated axonal degeneration, we applied pentoxifylline to an established rabbit model that demonstrates an AIDS-like optic neuropathy using intravitreal TNF-alpha injections. "