Ophthalmia Neonatorum

Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.

Networked: 112 relevant articles (10 outcomes, 6 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
3.	Rheumatic Fever (Acute Articular Rheumatism)
4.	Respiratory Tract Infections (Respiratory Tract Infection)
5.	Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)

Experts

1.	Apt, L: 2 articles (12/2003 - 01/2002)
2.	Isenberg, S J: 2 articles (12/2003 - 01/2002)
3.	Akbarian, Shadi: 1 article (01/2015)
4.	Justel, Mar: 1 article (01/2015)
5.	Ortiz de Lejarazu, Raul: 1 article (01/2015)
6.	Pastor, J Carlos: 1 article (01/2015)
7.	Martinez, Prudencio: 1 article (01/2015)
8.	Ahmadieh, Hamid: 1 article (01/2015)
9.	Blanchet, Karl: 1 article (01/2015)
10.	Katibeh, Marzieh: 1 article (01/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Ophthalmia Neonatorum:

1.	Silver NitrateIBA 05/01/1992 - "Because silver nitrate was found more effective in decreasing the total frequency of all cases of ophthalmia neonatorum, and cases caused by Chlamydia and gram-negative bacteria specifically, this drug still should be considered as a primary prophylactic agent against ophthalmia neonatorum." 10/01/1988 - "Although silver nitrate is still considered to be one of the most effective prophylactic measures for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, in 4 cases this disease still developed. " 11/01/1987 - "Silver nitrate prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum due to Neissera Gonorrhoeae was introduced by Crédé in 1884, when he instilled a drop of 2% silver nitrate into the cul-de-sac of a newborn. " 04/01/1957 - "Failure of silver nitrate prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 01/01/1984 - "During a period when silver nitrate prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum was discontinued in the maternity ward of the Yaounde Central Hospital, a study was begun of the prevalence of gonorrheal infection among women and their newborns. "
2.	Povidone-Iodine (Betadine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "To determine the efficacy of povidone-iodine (P-I) prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) in Angola and to document maternal prevalence and mother-to-child transmission rates. " 03/02/1995 - "A controlled trial of povidone-iodine as prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum." 03/01/2012 - "Povidone-iodine and ophthalmia neonatorum." 01/01/2010 - "Cost analysis of povidone-iodine for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis." 12/01/2003 - "There is no advantage to administering povidone-iodine prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum twice in the first postnatal day over a single application at birth."
3.	Erythromycin (Erycette)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1992 - "The rate of clinical gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in Florida hospitals from which cases had been reported was 1.7 per 10,000 live births, and tended to be higher in hospitals using erythromycin than in hospitals using any other prophylactic eye treatment. " 03/01/1984 - "Non-gonococcal ophthalmitis associated with erythromycin ointment prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 01/01/1956 - "ERYTHROMYCIN prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum." 05/01/1992 - "Ophthalmia neonatorum was more frequent in the hospital using erythromycin (p less than 0.001), as was chlamydial conjunctivitis (p less than 0.02). " 04/01/1990 - "We investigated an outbreak of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus conjunctivitis in a hospital newborn nursery that used erythromycin eye ointment to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum. "
4.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/17/1988 - "We conclude that tetracycline is as effective as silver nitrate in preventing gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 07/01/2011 - "To evaluate the efficacy of povidone iodine solution 2.5% and tetracycline ointment 1% in prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum (ON). " 03/17/1988 - "We evaluated the use of silver nitrate drops and tetracycline ointment for the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum in a controlled trial involving 2732 newborns in Nairobi, Kenya. " 07/01/2011 - "Efficacy comparison between povidone iodine 2.5% and tetracycline 1% in prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum." 03/17/1988 - "As compared with historical controls, the incidence of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum decreased 83 percent among infants treated with silver nitrate and 93 percent among those treated with tetracycline. "
5.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1993 - "Crede's method was evaluated using norfloxacin (NFLX) and gentamicin (GM) to show the clinical significance of chemoprophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum occurring through vertical infections. " 01/01/1990 - "Crede's method was evaluated using of ofloxacin (OFLX) and gentamicin (GM) to show the clinical significance of chemoprophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum occurring through vertical infection. " 03/28/2002 - "25% of the routine applicants are using substances (Gentamicin, Neomycin or Chloramphenicol) for which no evidence based efficacy for prophylaxis of Ophthalmia neonatorum has been demonstrated through clinical trials. " 11/27/1986 - "We conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing a single intramuscular dose of 125 mg of ceftriaxone with a single intramuscular dose of 75 mg of kanamycin followed by topical gentamicin for seven days, and with a single intramuscular dose of 75 mg of kanamycin followed by topical tetracycline for seven days, in the treatment of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya. " 12/01/1984 - "117 infants with gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, including 27 with infections due to penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were treated as outpatients with five different regimens of single-dose intramuscular kanamycin (75 mg or 150 mg) with saline eye washes, gentamicin eye ointment, or chloramphenicol eye drops. "
6.	Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)FDA Link 03/28/2002 - "25% of the routine applicants are using substances (Gentamicin, Neomycin or Chloramphenicol) for which no evidence based efficacy for prophylaxis of Ophthalmia neonatorum has been demonstrated through clinical trials. " 01/30/1971 - " by culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was delayed in some cases up to 30 days after the appearance of the signs for those born in hospital and 15 days for those born at home, usually because of the blind use of antibacterial eye-drops which produced temporary alleviation of the signs without eradicating the infection; chloramphenicol was noteworthy in this respect.A "sticky eye" will resolve without the use of antibacterial agents, ophthalmia neonatorum will not. " 12/01/1984 - "117 infants with gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, including 27 with infections due to penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were treated as outpatients with five different regimens of single-dose intramuscular kanamycin (75 mg or 150 mg) with saline eye washes, gentamicin eye ointment, or chloramphenicol eye drops. "
7.	NeomycinFDA LinkGeneric 03/28/2002 - "25% of the routine applicants are using substances (Gentamicin, Neomycin or Chloramphenicol) for which no evidence based efficacy for prophylaxis of Ophthalmia neonatorum has been demonstrated through clinical trials. "
8.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2002 - "A single low dose of 62.5 mg ceftriaxone has emerged as the treatment of choice for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum because of its excellent activity against N. " 11/27/1986 - "Single-dose therapy of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum with ceftriaxone." 01/01/1986 - "Ceftriaxone (125 mg) given as a single intramuscular dose without topical therapy was evaluated in seven infants with smear-positive gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. " 01/01/1986 - "Single-dose ceftriaxone therapy of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 11/27/1986 - "We conclude that 125 mg of ceftriaxone as a single intramuscular dose is very effective therapy for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, with marked efficacy against extraocular infection and without the need for concomitant topical antimicrobial therapy."
9.	Cefotaxime (Kendrick)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1990 - "Cefotaxime offers an effective first line treatment for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in areas where there is a high prevalence of PPNG strains. " 07/01/1988 - "Single-dose cefotaxime intramuscularly cures gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 07/01/1988 - "Nine neonates with culture proved gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg of cefotaxime without topical antibiotic therapy. " 10/01/1987 - "For therapy of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, 1% kanamycin eyedrops combined with a single intramuscular injection of kanamycin or a third generation Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime) were all effective regimens. "
10.	MacrolidesIBA 04/01/1996 - "Erythromycin and other macrolides have enjoyed a renaissance in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s secondary to the discovery of "new' pathogens such as Chlamydia, Legionella, Campylobacter and Mycoplasma spp. Erythromycin is an important therapeutic agent in the paediatric age group for several reasons: (a) it exhibits proven efficacy for a wide range of infections (upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin/skin structure infections, prophylaxis of endocarditis/acute rheumatic fever/ophthalmia neonatorum and pre-colonic surgery, campylobacteriosis, chlamydial and ureaplasmal infections, diphtheria, whooping cough, streptococcal pharyngitis) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility states; (b) intravenous formulations are widely available; and (c) it is available in a number of formulations as a generic product, which is likely to result in significant cost savings. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intramuscular Injections 07/01/1988 - "Nine neonates with culture proved gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg of cefotaxime without topical antibiotic therapy. " 04/01/1988 - "Two hundred nineteen neonates with gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, including 40 infected with penicillinase-producing strains, were treated as outpatients with a single intramuscular injection of 100 mg of kanamycin and hourly ocular irrigation with saline. " 10/01/1987 - "For therapy of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, 1% kanamycin eyedrops combined with a single intramuscular injection of kanamycin or a third generation Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime) were all effective regimens. "
2.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 09/09/1991 - "[Gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum in a premature infant delivered by cesarean section]." 10/01/1981 - "Cesarean section complicated by gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum." 04/01/1979 - "Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum after delivery by cesarean section: report of a case." 09/09/1991 - "A case of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in a preterm boy (gestational age 29 weeks) delivered by caesarean section 22 hours after rupture of the membranes is described. "
3.	Chemoprevention 04/01/1993 - "[Chemoprophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum through vertical infection. " 01/01/1990 - "[Chemoprophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum through vertical infection. " 04/01/1993 - "Crede's method was evaluated using norfloxacin (NFLX) and gentamicin (GM) to show the clinical significance of chemoprophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum occurring through vertical infections. " 01/01/1990 - "Crede's method was evaluated using of ofloxacin (OFLX) and gentamicin (GM) to show the clinical significance of chemoprophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum occurring through vertical infection. "
4.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 01/01/1997 - "The prophylactic use of topical anti-infectives is indicated on the eye (1) prior to any surgery on the eye, by periorbital and conjunctival administration and, if required, intraoperatively as well; (2) in the form of the Credé prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum; (3) with accidental pathogenic contamination of the eye; (4) to prevent conjunctivitis by intensive care surgical patients; (5) for the antiseptic irrigation of donor bulbi prior to keratoplasty, and (6) if required, to prevent ocular infection in a given epidemiological situation. " 03/01/1984 - "Substitution of erythromycin ointment for silver nitrate in the prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON) was accompanied by eight infections in 749 (1.1%) well-born and 21 infections in 285 (7.4%) intensive care infants during an eight-month period. "
5.	Corneal Transplantation (Keratoplasty) 01/01/1997 - "The prophylactic use of topical anti-infectives is indicated on the eye (1) prior to any surgery on the eye, by periorbital and conjunctival administration and, if required, intraoperatively as well; (2) in the form of the Credé prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum; (3) with accidental pathogenic contamination of the eye; (4) to prevent conjunctivitis by intensive care surgical patients; (5) for the antiseptic irrigation of donor bulbi prior to keratoplasty, and (6) if required, to prevent ocular infection in a given epidemiological situation. "