Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive)

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2568 relevant articles (323 outcomes, 526 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)
2.	Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety Disorder)
3.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
4.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
5.	Phobic Disorders (Phobia)

Experts

1.	Denys, Damiaan: 55 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)
2.	Stein, Dan J: 25 articles (05/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Storch, Eric A: 23 articles (01/2016 - 01/2006)
4.	Goodman, Wayne K: 23 articles (09/2014 - 06/2003)
5.	Hollander, Eric: 23 articles (03/2014 - 04/2002)
6.	Murphy, Tanya K: 22 articles (12/2015 - 01/2004)
7.	Fineberg, Naomi A: 19 articles (06/2015 - 01/2005)
8.	Fontenelle, Leonardo F: 17 articles (01/2016 - 01/2005)
9.	Westenberg, Herman G M: 17 articles (10/2012 - 03/2003)
10.	Figee, Martijn: 16 articles (11/2015 - 02/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

1.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 07/01/2006 - "Cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and serotonin reuptake inhibitors have proven efficacy in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/2004 - "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), especially potent ones given at high doses over long periods of time, are often effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/1998 - "Potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavior therapy involving exposure and ritual prevention have been established as the cornerstones of effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 02/01/2010 - "In the last decades, the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has improved significantly with the introduction into the clinical practice of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): this has led to a renewed interest in this condition and development of appropriate therapeutic strategies, including non-pharmacological techniques. " 03/01/2007 - "There is good evidence to support the efficacy of several pharmacological agents including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to treat pediatric anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, although there are still many unanswered questions."
2.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 10/01/2002 - "Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) have both proven to be effective in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). " 07/01/1999 - "In obsessive compulsive disorder, depletion of serotonin in patients recovered on an SSRI does not cause relapse; receptor adaptation may be more important. " 10/01/1995 - "Potent serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are the only antidepressant agents thus far shown to be effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 09/01/1998 - "The drugs effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) also enhance 5-HT neurotransmission in brain regions involved in mediating OCD symptoms but with a more prolonged delay, consistently with the larger time necessary to obtain therapeutic effect in OCD than in depression. " 11/01/1992 - "Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with serotonin reuptake blockers has been demonstrated effective in 50% to 60% of patients in open and placebo-controlled studies. "
3.	Clomipramine (Anafranil)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1987 - "Most of the controlled studies on the efficacy of medical treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have involved clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant reputed to have anti-obsessional properties. " 05/01/1979 - "The authors believe that chlorimipramine is the most promising treatment for obsessive-compulsive neurosis." 03/01/1997 - "Intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine may be a valuable new treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly for patients who have failed oral treatment trials." 05/01/2004 - "Review: clomipramine is more effective than SSRIs for paediatric obsessive compulsive disorder." 03/01/1992 - "In conjunction with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine, behavioural therapy is superior to other psychotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. "
4.	Fluvoxamine (Luvox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2002 - "Fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg/day) for 8 to 16 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [measured across multiple assessment scales] compared with placebo in a well controlled trial in paediatric patients (n = 120) or from baseline in noncomparative trials in adolescent (n = 20) or paediatric (n = 16) patients. " 01/01/2001 - "Fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg/day) for 8 to 16 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [measured across multiple assessment scales] compared with placebo in a well controlled trial in paediatric patients (n = 120) or from baseline in noncomparative trials in adolescent (n = 20) or paediatric (n = 16) patients. " 10/01/2000 - "fluvoxamine 100 to 300 mg/day for 6 to 10 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared with placebo. " 01/01/1998 - "We investigated whether the combination of multi-modal behaviour therapy (BT) with fluvoxamine is superior to BT and placebo in the acute treatment of severely ill in-patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 08/01/1987 - "Fluvoxamine appears effective in treating severe obsessive-compulsive disorder."
5.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1990 - "Fluoxetine 60 mg/day resulted in complete remission of the pathologic jealousy, consistent with the known efficacy of fluoxetine in obsessive compulsive disorder." 07/01/1989 - "A 12-week open trial of fluoxetine in 61 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients significantly improved depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. " 06/01/1998 - "Fluoxetine is effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 04/01/1991 - "Therapeutic benefit may have been related to the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders or to direct effects on sexual activity, or both." 11/01/1990 - "This study suggests that fluoxetine is an effective and safe treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, both for short-term alleviation and for long-term maintenance."
6.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2007 - "Group cognitive behavioural therapy increases complete remission of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms compared with sertraline, but not response." 11/01/2005 - "Both GCBT and sertraline conditions had significant improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms as measured by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale after 12 weeks of treatment. " 01/01/1995 - "Studies have also shown sertraline to be effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 11/01/2005 - "The treatment with GCBT may be effective in decreasing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder and should be considered as an alternative to either individual cognitive-behavioral therapy or a medication, such as sertraline. " 10/01/1992 - "Additionally, sertraline is the only antidepressant licensed in the UK for the prevention of recurrence of depression, and preliminary findings suggest that the drug may also be effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. "
7.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/1995 - "Most studies suggest that the efficacy of antidepressants in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not related to their antidepressant or mood-enhancing effects. " 04/01/1986 - "These findings support the hypothesis that serotonergic antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and underline the need to carry out double-blind clinical trials to confirm these results." 01/01/1985 - "These findings support the hypothesis that serotoninergic antidepressants may be useful in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder." 10/01/2011 - "The aim of this article was to analyze systematically literature information published in English (between 1966 and January 2011) on the efficacy of antidepressants in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 01/15/2007 - "This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in the management of treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder by carrying out a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials. "
8.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2004 - "Paroxetine is an effective and generally well-tolerated treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents." 09/01/2003 - "Paroxetine doses of 40 mg/day and 60 mg/day (but not 20 mg/day) are effective in treating acute obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 08/01/2004 - "The efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Western populations is well established. " 01/01/2003 - "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications of the efficacy of an SSRI, paroxetine." 07/01/2006 - "This paper presents several clinical trials of paroxetine carried out, and discusses and reviews the therapeutic strategies for obsessive-compulsive disorder."
9.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 07/01/2006 - "Data suggest that atypical antipsychotics may be useful in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 05/01/2015 - "Data on the efficacy of antipsychotics as monotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are inadequate. " 06/01/2009 - "A long-term trial of the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotic agents in augmenting SSRI-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder." 07/01/2006 - "The electronic databases of PubMed, PsychINFO (1967-2005), Embase (1974-2000) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, as of 2005, Issue 3) were searched for relevant double-blind trials using keywords 'antipsychotic agents' or 'neuroleptics' and 'obsessive-compulsive disorder'. " 01/01/2015 - "Cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder secondary to second-generation antipsychotics."
10.	Citalopram (Escitalopram)FDA Link 11/01/1997 - "Despite having the limitations of an open study, our results suggest that citalopram may be effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder." 04/01/2002 - "For example, with citalopram, the racemic formulation is effective for depression as well as panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. " 11/01/2009 - "This study sought to investigate the efficacy of escitalopram at different dosages for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 10/01/2007 - "The tolerability and efficacy for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a large, sample on Escitalopram was studied. " 11/01/2002 - "[Clinical efficacy of citalopram in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2013 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has proven to be an effective treatment for therapy refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 12/01/2010 - "High-frequency bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). " 11/01/2006 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule has been shown to be beneficial in the short term for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who exhaust conventional therapies. " 04/15/2014 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has recently become an effective treatment for therapy-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder, but its effect on dopaminergic transmission is unknown. " 01/01/2014 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral internal capsule is effective in treating therapy refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2011 - "Psychotherapy also plays an important role in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder, being effective for a wide range of symptoms, and many studies have assessed its long-term efficacy, especially when added to appropriate pharmacotherapy. " 03/01/1994 - "Although the majority of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder can be helped significantly by modern pharmacotherapy, usually in combination with behavioral techniques of exposure and response prevention, some remain very ill and refractory to treatment. " 10/01/1994 - "Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to a significant reduction in suffering and a return to productive living for many patients previously considered refractory to treatment. " 12/01/1993 - "Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to a significant reduction in suffering and a return to productive living for many patients previously considered refractory to treatment. " 01/01/2013 - "Several lines of evidence have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is more effective than pharmacotherapy for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 05/01/2008 - "The majority of follow-up studies show stability of deficits after treatment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), regardless of improvement in symptomatology, and this suggests a possibly chronic dysfunction of the dorsolateral-striatal circuit. " 05/15/2009 - "The aim of this study is to determine whether children and adolescents with treatment-naïve obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) present brain structure differences in comparison with healthy subjects, and to evaluate brain changes after treatment and clinical improvement. " 05/15/2009 - "Brain changes in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment: a voxel-based morphometric MRI study." 10/01/2008 - "Cerebral activation in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment: a functional MRI study." 01/01/2014 - "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy during the Verbal Fluency Task before and after Treatment with Image Exposure and SSRI Therapy in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder."
4.	Therapeutics 08/15/1997 - "Improved therapeutics for obsessive compulsive disorder." 05/01/2008 - "Experimental therapeutics for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: translational approaches and new somatic developments." 05/01/2003 - "Further investigation of the pathophysiology of activity-stressed animal models may contribute to the development of new therapeutics for diseases such as anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder." 01/01/2007 - "The therapeutics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves the serotonergic system in the brain; the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the only class of drugs to be consistently effective for this disorder. " 05/13/2005 - "The human norepinephrine (NE) transporter (hNET) attenuates neuronal signaling by rapid NE clearance from the synaptic cleft, and NET is a target for cocaine and amphetamines as well as therapeutics for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. "
5.	Psychosurgery (Lobotomy) 04/01/1992 - "Except for rarely performed psychosurgery, obsessive compulsive disorder seldom improved with reversible treatments before 1966. " 01/01/2001 - "The object of this study is to assess the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) following stereotactic limbic leukotomy in patients with medically intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). " 05/01/2014 - "Over the past decade the clinical applications have expanded into the realm of psychosurgery, including depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). " 01/01/2014 - "The pilot study correlated cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy lesion characteristics with clinical outcomes for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 11/01/2013 - "Psychosurgery, such as anterior capsulotomy, is a therapeutic option for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "