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Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

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Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Also Known As:

Noradrenaline; Levophed; Abbott Brand of Levophed Bitartrate; Arterenol; Aventis Brand of Norepinephrine Hydrochloride; Levonor; Levophed Bitartrate; Noradrenaline Bitartrate; Noradrénaline tartrate renaudin; Norepinephrin d-Tartrate (1:1); Norepinephrine Bitartrate; Norepinephrine Hydrochloride; Norepinephrine Hydrochloride, (+)-Isomer; Norepinephrine Hydrochloride, (+,-)-Isomer; Norepinephrine d-Tartrate (1:1); Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1); Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), (+,-)-Isomer; Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), Monohydrate; Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), Monohydrate, (+)-Isomer; Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:2); Norepinephrine l-Tartrate, (+)-Isomer; Norepinephrine, (+)-Isomer; Norepinephrine, (+,-)-Isomer; Renaudin Brand of Norepinephrine Bitartrate; Bitartrate, Levophed; Bitartrate, Noradrenaline; Bitartrate, Norepinephrine; Hydrochloride, Norepinephrine; renaudin, Noradrénaline tartrate; tartrate renaudin, Noradrénaline; Levarterenol; Levonorepinephrine; 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-, (R)-

Networked: 12569 relevant articles (483 outcomes, 1208 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amines: 1422
- Alcohols: 387
  - Amino Alcohols: 14
    - Ethanolamines: 12
      - Norepinephrine: 12569
        Normetanephrine: 163
        Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency: 33
        N-(4-azido-3-iodophenethylamidoisobutyl)norepinephrine: 14
        4-hydroxyphenylisopropylarterenol: 8
        noradrenaline theophylline: 6
        noradrenaline sulfate: 3
        protokylol: 2
        4-coumaroylnoradrenaline: 1
        5-cysteinylnorepinephrine: 1
        ethylnorepinephrine: 1
        2-(2-chloro-4-(2-((2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)phenoxy)acetic acid
        2-chloronorepinephrine
        3-fluoronorepinephrine
        6-chloronorepinephrine
        6-fluoronorepinephrine
        6-hydroxynoradrenaline
        6-nitronorepinephrine
        aminomenthylnorepinephrine
        bromoacetylaminomenthylnorepinephrine
        dipivaloylnorepinephrine
        ethyl 2-(2-chloro-4-(2-((2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)phenoxy)acetate
        N-acetylarterenone
        N-acetylnorepinephrine
        N-cyclopentylbutanephrine
        noradrenalone
        norepinephrine glucuronide
        norparanephrine
        syncarpamide
        vasopressin drug combination norepinephrine lidocaine

Experts

1.	Goldstein, David S: 32 articles (10/2014 - 02/2002)
2.	Matsumura, Yasuo: 23 articles (10/2013 - 08/2003)
3.	Vincent, Jean-Louis: 21 articles (01/2016 - 06/2002)
4.	Pacak, Karel: 20 articles (03/2014 - 02/2002)
5.	Levi, Roberto: 19 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Westphal, Martin: 19 articles (10/2013 - 04/2003)
7.	Holmes, Courtney: 18 articles (10/2014 - 08/2002)
8.	Ohkita, Mamoru: 18 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
9.	Russell, James A: 16 articles (08/2014 - 03/2002)
10.	Morelli, Andrea: 16 articles (10/2013 - 04/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 09/01/2013 - "CRPS pain and the perceived skin temperature were measured every 5 min during thermal exposure, while noradrenaline was determined from cutaneous microdialysate collected every 20 min throughout the study period. " 09/01/2013 - "This exploratory study examined the effect of cutaneous sympathetic activation and inhibition on cutaneous noradrenaline release, vascular reactivity, and pain in CRPS patients and in healthy volunteers. " 08/01/2013 - "To study the role of noradrenaline in pain modulatory areas of the brain, we elected the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), a key pain facilitatory area located at the medulla oblongata. " 02/01/2012 - "These studies highlight the complexity of octopaminergic/peptidergic interactions, the role of OA in activating global peptidergic signalling cascades and the similarities of this modulatory network to the noradrenergic inhibition of nociception in mammals, where norepinephrine suppresses chronic pain through inhibitory α(2)-adrenoreceptors on afferent nociceptors and stimulatory α(1)-receptors on inhibitory peptidergic interneurons." 10/01/2010 - "The study also shows that sustained effects on chronic pain can be achieved by decreasing the release of noradrenaline in a pain facilitatory centre of the brain using gene transfer."
2.	Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depressive Disorders) 04/01/2010 - "The current study sought to test the efficacy and safety of the novel selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor LY2216684 compared to placebo in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). " 06/01/2011 - "The efficacy, tolerability, and safety of LY2216684, a highly selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, were studied in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). " 11/01/1999 - "Plasma norepinephrine and prediction of outcome in major depressive disorder." 02/01/1983 - "Extreme elevations in plasma norepinephrine associated with decreased alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in major depressive disorder: two case reports." 07/01/1998 - "Plasma norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations and severity of depression in combat posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder."
3.	Septic Shock (Toxic Shock Syndrome) 05/01/2012 - "A subgroup analysis that pooled studies in which all the randomized patients had septic shock demonstrated that norepinephrine improved in-hospital or 28-day mortality; however, the results were no longer statistically significant. " 01/01/1998 - "Selective iNOS inhibition is superior to norepinephrine in the treatment of rat endotoxic shock." 10/01/2010 - "The results from one large randomized clinical trial suggest that AVP plus norepinephrine (NE) infusion is as safe and effective as treatment with NE alone in patients with septic shock. " 01/01/2008 - "In a resuscitated porcine model of the early phase of septic shock, SNP improved ileal mucosal MBF but required a concomitant increase in fluid and norepinephrine supplements to maintain constant systemic haemodynamic parameters." 06/01/2002 - "Norepinephrine, administered to increase mean arterial pressure by 10 mm Hg in an acute model of volume-resuscitated endotoxic shock, improved systemic and regional perfusion. "
4.	Neuralgia (Stump Neuralgia) 06/01/2008 - "Many treatments for neuropathic pain activate or augment norepinephrine release in the spinal cord, yet these treatments are less effective against acute nociceptive stimuli. " 01/01/2012 - "This study demonstrates that endogenous noradrenaline modulates plasticity of glia and cholinergic neurons in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury and hence influences the pathophysiology of spinal cord changes associated with neuropathic pain." 08/01/2010 - "Noradrenaline (NA), released in association with sympathetic nerve sprouting into the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after peripheral nerve injury, may enhance neuropathic pain. " 07/07/2008 - "During neuropathic pain development in the chronic constriction injury model, elevated TNF levels in the brain occur in association with enhanced alpha 2-adrenoceptor inhibition of norepinephrine release. " 04/01/2008 - "To evaluate whether neuropathic pain affects autonomic nervous activities, we investigated daily change in cardiovascular parameters and plasma norepinephrine (NE) in free-moving rats after chronic constriction injury (CCI) on the sciatic nerve. "
5.	Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure) 09/01/1995 - "2. Administration of endotoxin for 3 h resulted in a hypotension and a significant reduction of pressor responses to norepinephrine (1 micrograms/kg, i.v.) in the anaesthetized rat. " 04/01/2005 - "Correction of the neurogenic hypotension with noradrenaline ameliorated the systemic inflammatory response and improved oxygenation. " 09/01/2011 - "The main finding of this study was that moderate degree of normovolemic hypotension or the use of norepinephrine for the correction of this hypotension did not affect flap perfusion as assessed by MD. " 07/01/1967 - "Further studies on noradrenaline postinfusional hypotension." 02/01/1967 - "Effect of head-down position during hypotension: studies of head-down tilt and norepinephrine on flow in the internal carotid artery of primates."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)
2.	Dopamine (Intropin)
3.	duloxetine (Cymbalta)
4.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
5.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
6.	venlafaxine (Effexor)
7.	milnacipran (Ixel)
8.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)
9.	Renin
10.	Tricyclic Antidepressive Agents (Tricyclic Antidepressants)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resuscitation
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
3.	Intravenous Infusions
4.	Transplants (Transplant)
5.	Ligation