Nephrotic Syndrome (Syndrome, Nephrotic)

A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.

Also Known As:

Networked: 6565 relevant articles (736 outcomes, 601 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Proteinuria
2.	Membranous Glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy)
3.	Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (Glomerulosclerosis, Focal)
4.	Amyloidosis
5.	Glomerulonephritis

Experts

1.	Bagga, Arvind: 31 articles (07/2015 - 04/2002)
2.	Ghiggeri, Gian Marco: 30 articles (09/2015 - 07/2002)
3.	Iijima, Kazumoto: 24 articles (01/2016 - 05/2002)
4.	Ito, Shuichi: 21 articles (01/2016 - 04/2007)
5.	Antignac, Corinne: 21 articles (12/2014 - 04/2002)
6.	Deschênes, Georges: 20 articles (01/2015 - 12/2002)
7.	Niaudet, Patrick: 20 articles (04/2014 - 03/2003)
8.	Hildebrandt, Friedhelm: 19 articles (11/2015 - 03/2004)
9.	Kamei, Koichi: 18 articles (02/2016 - 03/2008)
10.	Hari, Pankaj: 18 articles (01/2015 - 04/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Nephrotic Syndrome:

1.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "Results of the available literature and preliminary data of an ongoing multicenter, prospective, randomized Italian trial indicate that ciclosporin (CS), at low doses, may maintain remission of the nephrotic syndrome in most steroid-sensitive patients. " 07/01/2013 - "However, the addition of cyclosporine A finally resulted in complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome. " 06/01/2012 - "Complete remission of his nephrotic syndrome was achieved after 1 year of cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy. " 04/01/2011 - "All patients showed complete or partial remission of nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporin A and preserved stable renal function over a follow-up period of 5 years. " 11/01/2004 - "Cyclosporine has also been shown to be effective in inducing a partial or the complete remission of nephrotic syndrome. "
2.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2013 - "She received immunosuppressions consisting of i.v. cyclophosphamide and high-dose corticosteroid and subsequently oral corticosteroid resulting in complete remission of nephrotic syndrome. " 01/01/2009 - "Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome was achieved in 40% of the patients in the cyclophosphamide group, while 60% achieved partial remission. " 08/01/2006 - "Nephrotic syndrome was steroid-resistant, and when we added cyclophosphamide for 8 weeks complete remission was achieved. " 05/02/1992 - "[Good results of cyclophosphamide in steroid toxicity in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome caused by minimal-lesion glomerulopathy in childhood]." 06/01/2011 - "In order to determine the long-term effects of cyclophosphamide (CPO) and to identify parameters associated with sustained remission, we retrospectively studied the data from 90 patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) who received a single course of oral cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg/day for 10 to 12 weeks). "
3.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2007 - "After receiving systemic anticoagulant therapy and oral prednisolone, his neurological symptoms improved dramatically, and complete remission from nephrotic syndrome was achieved. " 01/01/2013 - "30 pediatric patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome were studied; known as SSNS at complete remission or low dose of Prednisolone and have relapse on follow up. " 09/01/2003 - "Prednisolone therapy induced complete remission of nephrotic syndrome. " 01/01/2009 - "Treatment of adult MCD with low prednisolone dose and CsA seems to be equally effective with high prednisolone dose to induce remission of nephrotic syndrome. " 09/01/2006 - "The nephrotic syndrome was treated successfully with prednisolone. "
4.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 02/20/1988 - "Complete initial remission of steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome can be obtained with half the standard prednisone dose, but the short course is followed by a higher rate of relapses, that require repeated prednisone administrations. " 03/01/1975 - " Thirty-four patients had been treated with prednisone; initial complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome occurred in only 4 patients and partial remission in 10. " 05/15/1971 - "Five of the elderly patients with minimal change lesion were treated with prednisone-in four a complete remission from the nephrotic syndrome followed, while the fifth patient's course is unknown.These" 04/01/2009 - "Among the adult Chinese patients with MSNS-HBV who completed this study, there were no significant differences in remission rates of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome between the standard prednisone regimen and the combination of MMF and a reduced prednisone dose. " 08/02/1980 - "Seven patients with slight but definite proliferative changes in the glomeruli achieved complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome when treated with prednisone. "
5.	rituximab (Mabthera)FDA Link 04/01/2013 - "The efficacy of rituximab (RTX) as the sole therapy for preventing relapses of nephrotic syndrome (NS) is transient in most patients; therefore, the optimal therapy required for maintaining a successful response to a biological agent remains a challenge. " 01/01/2014 - "We describe the case of a 22-year-old Caucasian woman with refractory FSGS that achieved complete and sustained remission of nephrotic syndrome (NS) with one single 375 mg/m(2) rituximab infusion. " 07/01/2013 - "On the other hand, it is believed that positive results on rituximab use in nephrotic syndrome are much more reported by researchers than the negative results and this is an important bias. " 07/01/2011 - "Seven patients were treated with rituximab with excellent results: five of seven had a complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome and two of seven had a partial response. " 09/01/2013 - "We report a 7-year-old boy with high-degree steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) who went into remission with rituximab (RTX) maintenance therapy. "
6.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 08/01/2012 - "The introduction of corticosteroids more than 50 years ago dramatically improved the prognosis of children with nephrotic syndrome. " 04/01/2005 - "Although remission is achieved in most children with nephrotic syndrome by treatment with corticosteroids, a significant proportion of patients experience relapses. " 07/01/1999 - "Patients with nephrotic syndrome in MCD when treated with corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic drugs have complete or partial remission in a more than 90% of cases. " 04/01/1998 - "Of the eight patients treated with corticosteroids alone, three showed complete remission and one partial remission of the nephrotic syndrome. " 01/01/1976 - "Nine of 15 pediatric patients treated with corticosteroids experienced partial or complete remission in either their nephrotic syndrome or level of urine protein excretion, while just 3 of 6 adult patients treated with corticosteroids experienced a partial remission, but never became protein-free. "
7.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1999 - "This study was done to determine the efficacy of oral high dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) therapy in the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS). " 01/01/2015 - "Methylprednisolone therapy is effective in KD associated with nephrotic syndrome, and long-term administration of methylprednisolone at maintenance dose may be a way to prevent relapses of KD." 01/01/2015 - "Twenty-seven days after the three methylprednisolone pulses, her acute renal dysfunction was improved, but the nephrotic syndrome was not improved. " 03/01/2009 - "The steroid resistance of nephrotic syndrome is defined by the absence of remission after a full dose of oral corticosteroid therapy for 1 month followed by 3 pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone. " 11/01/2004 - "Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome."
8.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2015 - "Moreover, most of these patients who presented with nephrotic syndrome responded well to steroids and had a favorable prognosis. " 07/01/2013 - "Treatment with steroids resulted in complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome, normalization of serum LCAT activity and HDL level, and disappearance of foam cell accumulation in renal tissue. " 01/01/2009 - "Complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was observed in all patients treated by steroids or combination of steroids and CsA. " 10/01/2008 - "A protracted course of steroids yielded a complete, unexpected remission of the nephrotic syndrome and renal function was normal at 18 months." 07/01/1992 - "This drug, used in the absence of steroids, induced complete remission of nephrotic syndrome in the five patients to whom it was given. "
9.	Chlorambucil (Leukeran)FDA Link 02/01/1978 - "The data indicate that a stable dosage regimen for chlorambucil is as effective as an increasing dose regimen in achieving long-term remission of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome." 01/01/1978 - "Controlled trial of chlorambucil in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children (a preliminary report)." 04/01/2006 - "Chlorambucil therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome." 10/01/1992 - "Two men were treated for a nephrotic syndrome with high-dose chlorambucil therapy; 6.5 and 14 years later, respectively, both were azoospermic with high plasmatic FSH values. " 01/01/1991 - "We report the SCE of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS) treated with chlorambucil. "
10.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2008 - "Data relevant to outcomes (complete or partial remission of nephrotic syndrome, doubling of serum creatinine, adverse effects) from identified studies were included. " 07/01/2015 - "24 hour urine protein-creatinine ratio was estimated in Nephrotic syndrome cases and remission group by turbidimetric assay. " 08/01/1994 - "The thyroid function of seven children with untreated nephrotic syndrome who had a normal serum creatinine concentration was compared with that of the same patients in remission and age-matched controls. " 01/01/2005 - "In a European induction study including predominantly Caucasians, patients who received any of two sequential regimens, low dose versus high dose IVCY induction both followed by AZA maintenance, had a high cumulative probability of remaining free of treatment failure (84% in low dose IVCY and 80% in high dose IVCY; treatment failure defined as a composite of free of corticosteroid resistant flare, nephrotic syndrome, doubling creatinine, and persistent elevated creatinine). " 09/01/1994 - "All patients experienced symptomatic improvement of their nephrotic syndrome and serum creatinine was not significantly increased at the end of the study period. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/01/2013 - "Patient continued to remain in clinical remission of nephrotic syndrome with stable renal function, 5 years after treatment. " 04/28/2001 - "1. There were no significant differences in urinary RBP, NAG and protein levels before treatment among patient groups (P > 0.05); 2. There were significant decreases in urinary RBP and NAG following glucocorticoid therapy in those response to glucocorticoid (P < 0.01); 3. There were significant differences in urinary protein, RBP and NAG among three groups of patients with primary nephrotic syndrome after treatment. " 03/01/1997 - "We describe 2 cases of GCA with nephrotic syndrome, one at the time of diagnosis, the other 2 years after treatment. " 10/01/1987 - "There were four complete remissions, five partial remissions and no patient with persistent nephrotic syndrome after treatment. " 01/01/2015 - "After treatment of the hematological disease, improvement of renal function was observed in 7/11 patients, and remission of nephrotic syndrome in 5/7 patients. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 11/01/2009 - "In the course of the first year after high dose chemotherapy renal function gradually improved and nephrotic syndrome completely disappeared (complete kidney remission). " 03/01/2000 - "Chemotherapy was effective for both the ML and nephrotic syndrome, and the patient's urine analysis results returned to normal. " 09/01/2008 - "Remission of the nephrotic syndrome was attained in three of seven patients, and renal function improved after chemotherapy. " 01/01/1987 - "These observations indicate a probable causal relationship between the lymphoproliferative disease and the onset of the glomerulopathy which is supported by the efficacy of the chemotherapy on the evolution of the nephrotic syndrome." 01/01/2013 - "All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of Huangqi or Huangqi type formulations in treating nephrotic syndrome in adults and children, either as sole agents or in addition to other drug therapies. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 04/01/2007 - "10 months after transplantation, he still has complete remission from recurrent nephrotic syndrome. " 06/01/2015 - "Numerous, usually small and methodological heterogeneous studies demonstrate that PPV provokes a serological response in dialysis patients, kidney transplant recipients, children with nephrotic syndrome and CKD patients receiving immunosuppressive medication. " 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to compare BKV excretion in acquired immunocompromised children (kidney transplant recipients and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome) with normal population. " 05/01/2011 - "We propose that initial Buff/Mna idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) and post-transplantation recurrence represent the same entity and a valuable tool for the study of recurring INS." 03/01/2015 - "Chronic GVHD and concurrent new-onset nephrotic syndrome in allogeneic transplant recipients. "
4.	Kidney Transplantation 03/27/2003 - "IV CsA is a safe and effective treatment in children with recurrent nephrotic syndrome after renal transplantation." 11/01/1985 - "[Clinical studies on nephrotic syndrome after renal transplantation]." 04/01/2015 - "Seventeen months after kidney transplantation for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome, a retroperitoneal mass was incidentally detected in a 30-year-old man during routine follow-up. " 01/01/2015 - "The aim of this work was to analyze the evolution of the 1st renal transplantation in children with nephrotic syndrome in the 1st year of life (NSFL). " 01/01/2015 - "Renal transplantation in children with nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life."
5.	Plasmapheresis 06/01/2009 - "This achieved complete remission of her nephrotic syndrome and improvement in her renal function, so plasmapheresis was ceased. " 01/01/2012 - "Here, plasmapheresis led to a remission of nephrotic syndrome associated with FibGN. " 06/01/1998 - "One month after the last plasmapheresis session, 72.7% (n=8) of the patients were in clinical remission of nephrotic syndrome in association with the stabilization of renal function. " 02/01/2000 - "Nephrotic syndrome and plasmapheresis." 01/01/1991 - "[Use of plasmapheresis in children with nephrotic syndrome]."