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Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms (Germ Cell Tumor)

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Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.

Also Known As:

Germ Cell Tumor; Germ Cell Tumors; Embryonal Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Germ Cell; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Cancer, Embryonal; Cancer, Embryonal and Mixed; Germ Cell Neoplasms; Germ Cell and Embryonic Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Embryonal; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonic; Cancer, Germ Cell; Cancers, Embryonal; Cancers, Germ Cell; Embryonal Cancer; Embryonal Cancers; Embryonal Neoplasm; Germ Cell Cancers; Neoplasm, Embryonal; Tumor, Germ Cell; Tumors, Germ Cell; Germ Cell Cancer; Neoplasms, Embryonal and Mixed

Networked: 3167 relevant articles (300 outcomes, 403 trials/studies)

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Disease Context: Research Results

Neoplasms: 649836
- Neoplasms by Histologic Type: 1
  - Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms: 3167

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
3.	Seminoma
4.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas)
5.	Testicular Neoplasms (Testicular Cancer)

Experts

1.	Einhorn, Lawrence H: 41 articles (08/2015 - 04/2002)
2.	Bosl, George J: 38 articles (10/2015 - 11/2002)
3.	Motzer, Robert J: 33 articles (10/2015 - 11/2002)
4.	Bokemeyer, Carsten: 33 articles (09/2015 - 05/2002)
5.	Sheinfeld, Joel: 31 articles (10/2015 - 06/2003)
6.	Bokemeyer, C: 30 articles (12/2011 - 05/2000)
7.	Beyer, J: 25 articles (07/2015 - 05/2000)
8.	Feldman, Darren R: 23 articles (10/2015 - 09/2007)
9.	Looijenga, Leendert H J: 23 articles (01/2014 - 02/2002)
10.	Honecker, Friedemann: 22 articles (12/2015 - 10/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms:

1.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1997 - "The outlook for patients with testicular germ cell cancer was dramatically improved by the introduction of cisplatin. " 02/01/1983 - "Recent reports indicate that cis-platinum may be highly effective in germ cell tumors. " 12/01/2012 - "Since the introduction of cisplatin, the therapeutic outcome of patients with testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) has markedly improved. " 07/28/2015 - "Many testicular germ cell cancers are curable despite metastatic disease, but about 10-15% of patients fail cisplatin-based first-line treatment. " 07/15/2014 - "A previous study noted frequent B-RAF mutations among European patients with cisplatin-resistant but not cisplatin-sensitive germ cell tumors (GCT). "
2.	Etoposide (VP 16)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1998 - "This study examined the risk of s-AML following cumulative etoposide doses greater than 2 g/m2 in patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT). " 02/01/1990 - "A study was initiated in March 1988 at Indiana University (Indianapolis, IN), using daily oral etoposide in patients with refractory germ cell tumors. " 02/01/1990 - "Phase II study of daily oral etoposide in refractory germ cell tumors." 10/01/2007 - "The importance of the dose of etoposide in the initial treatment of metastatic germ cell tumors and advances in management of patients that relapse." 12/01/2006 - "Between August 2003 and February 2006, 16 patients with refractory germ cell cancer received single-agent, daily oral etoposide 50 mg/M(2) for 21 consecutive days every 4 weeks. "
3.	Bleomycin (Blenoxane)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1995 - "Importance of bleomycin in favorable-prognosis disseminated germ cell tumors: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial." 03/15/1990 - "As bleomycin continues to be an important drug in the treatment of advanced germ cell tumors, further studies are warranted to evaluate the role of the continuous infusion of bleomycin as opposed to bolus therapy." 11/01/2015 - "However, these results were very similar to those reported for men who were treated with bleomycin for a male germ cell tumor, suggesting that women with ovarian SCSTs are not particularly vulnerable to bleomycin lung toxicity. " 12/01/2013 - "A 21-year-old woman presented with a pruritic eruption on her trunk and extremities after receiving bleomycin for treatment of stage III ovarian germ-cell tumor. " 10/01/2013 - "Here we would like to describe a characteristic skin reaction developed because of bleomycin in a case of intracranial germ cell tumor. "
4.	Ifosfamide FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1989 - "Numerous trials in Europe and at Indiana University have confirmed single-agent activity of ifosfamide in patients with refractory germ cell tumors. " 01/01/2003 - "Ifosfamide has always had significant single-agent activity in patients with germ cell tumors. " 01/01/2003 - "Ifosfamide in germ cell tumors." 06/01/1996 - "Ifosfamide in the treatment of germ cell tumors." 01/01/1986 - "Ifosfamide in refractory male germ cell tumors."
5.	PlatinumIBA 12/01/2009 - "Encouraging results in the platinum-refractory germ cell tumor population has prompted a phase II trial that is currently open for accrual." 10/01/2004 - "The present study was undertaken to assess whether overexpression of DDH1 or DDH2 (in human ovarian, cervical, lung and germ-cell tumor cell lines) could specifically induce resistance to the platinum drugs in these cell lines. " 04/01/1985 - "Phase II trial of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-(4-carboxyphthalato) platinum(II) in patients with refractory germ cell tumors." 04/01/2009 - "Germ cell tumors carry an excellent prognosis with platinum-based therapy upfront. " 03/15/2006 - "Recent advances in management of patients with platinum-refractory testicular germ cell tumors."
6.	Carboplatin (JM8)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1987 - "Carboplatin in advanced, refractory germ cell neoplasms: a phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study." 04/01/2013 - "Is there a role for carboplatin in the treatment of malignant germ cell tumors? " 09/01/2003 - "Individualised dosing strategy for high-dose carboplatin in patients with germ cell cancer." 09/01/2002 - "Carboplatin appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative in the treatment of germ cell tumors, and should be considered as primary therapy for pediatric patients." 01/01/1999 - "In germ cell tumors, carboplatin was inferior because of lower relapse-free survival rates. "
7.	Vinblastine (Vinblastine Sulfate)FDA Link 06/04/1987 - "In a randomized clinical trial in 261 men with disseminated germ-cell tumors, we substituted etoposide for the vinblastine in this regimen in half the patients to compare the efficacy and toxicity of the two treatments. " 01/01/1982 - "Multivariate analysis of risk factors in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumors treated with vinblastine and bleomycin." 10/01/1980 - "CDDP combined with vinblastine and bleomycin resulted in a 39% complete response rate in testicular germ cell tumors. " 06/01/1986 - "We found combination chemotherapy with cisplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB therapy) effective in the treatment of a patient with a pineal germ cell tumor with peritoneal dissemination. " 05/15/1980 - "Nineteen patients considered to have metastatic primary extragonadal germ cell cancer were entered on a Phase II chemotherapy study using as induction therapy a combination of vinblastine (VLB) 12 mg/m2 day 1, bleomycin (BLEO) 15 U/m2 I.V. or I.M. "
8.	alpha-Fetoproteins (AFP)IBA 01/01/2012 - "We conducted a retrospective review of patients with germ cell tumors in clinical remission, who had normal AFP levels and were followed at our center from 1991 to 2009. " 03/01/2000 - "Histories of 6 cases of germ cell tumors that remained in remission despite abnormal serum AFP and/or HCG were reviewed. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to assess fluctuations in normal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in patients with germ cell cancer. " 04/01/2005 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate survival and factors influencing long-term outcome of patients with AFP/beta-HCG secreting (non-seminomatous) central nervous system germ cell tumors (secCNSGCT), who were prospectively collected in the cooperative MAKEI (German: maligne Keimzelltumoren) 89 protocol. " 09/01/2003 - "A study on the microheterogeneity of alpha-fetoproteins produced by yolk sac and germ cell tumors."
9.	Paclitaxel (Taxol)FDA LinkGeneric 12/10/1999 - "Management of intermediate-prognosis germ-cell cancer: results of a phase I/II study of Taxol-BEP." 04/01/1998 - "The role of paclitaxel in the treatment of patients with refractory germ cell tumors remains to be defined in future studies." 04/01/1998 - "A phase II trial of paclitaxel in refractory germ cell tumors." 06/01/1995 - "A phase II trial of paclitaxel was conducted in patients with previously treated germ cell tumors with restricted prior treatment. " 11/01/1994 - "A trial of paclitaxel was conducted in patients with previously treated germ cell tumors (GCT). "
10.	Biological Tumor Markers (Tumor Markers)IBA 05/01/2014 - "Patients with CNS germ cell tumors who present with elevated serum tumor markers at diagnosis and achieve a complete biochemical and radiological remission may not need surveillance MRI scans to monitor for recurrence, but MRI scans may be considered to monitor for secondary malignancy. " 07/01/1994 - "Serum tumor markers are helpful in confirming the diagnosis of a germ cell tumor." 03/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to determine the effects of independent prognostic variables, such as prechemotherapy tumor markers, the extent of disease at diagnosis, the tumor markers postchemotherapy (PC), and the pathology of the PC residual mass on the overall survival of patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (PMNSGCT). " 03/01/1991 - "Serum tumor markers and patient allocation to good-risk and poor-risk clinical trials in patients with germ cell tumors." 06/01/1987 - "[Immunohistochemical study of tumor markers of malignant germ cell tumors in the mediastinum]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2005 - "Advanced germ cell cancer can be cured in most patients using chemotherapy with or without surgery. " 04/01/2003 - "Advanced germ cell cancer can be cured in most patients using chemotherapy with or without surgery. " 04/01/1993 - "Although current chemotherapy regimens have dramatically improved the overall survival of women with germ-cell tumors, there are toxic complications such as those demonstrated in this report, and toxicity must be balanced against presumed benefit." 10/01/1992 - "Clinically, the prognosis of most patients with testicular germ cell tumor is fairly good because of the improved chemotherapies that are dependent on histological diagnosis." 08/01/1985 - "These data confirm that multiple-agent chemotherapy has dramatically improved the prognosis for patients with malignant nondysgerminomatous ovarian germ cell tumors."
2.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy) 07/15/2000 - "Effective combination chemotherapy has improved the previously dismal prognosis for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCT) dramatically. " 05/15/1999 - "Combination chemotherapy has dramatically improved the prognosis of patients with nondysgerminomatous ovarian germ cell tumors (NDOGCT). " 08/01/1986 - "Two patients with advanced germ cell tumor who entered complete remission following intensive combination chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical intervention are reported. " 03/01/2008 - "Combination chemotherapy with GOP is feasible and effective with acceptable toxicity in patients with treatment-refractory germ-cell tumors." 05/01/1998 - "Testicular germ cell tumors are unusual because they can be cured in over 80% of patients with combination chemotherapy. "
3.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2011 - "Intracranial germ cell tumors: efficacy of neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy without surgical biopsy." 10/01/2007 - "The increased incidence of late non-germ-cell cancers in the era of radiotherapy and the incidence of subclinical testicular deficiency and metabolic syndrome in cured patients have accelerated this trend. " 10/01/1998 - "Retrospective multi-institutional study of radiotherapy for intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors." 08/01/1987 - "A retrospective review was performed by a multi-institutional study group to determine the contribution of radiotherapy to the management of primary malignant mediastinal germ-cell tumors. " 08/01/1987 - "Primary malignant mediastinal germ-cell tumors and the contribution of radiotherapy: a southeastern multi-institutional study."
4.	Lymph Node Excision (Lymph Node Dissection) 10/01/1981 - "We analyzed the efficacy of radiation therapy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy preceded and followed by radiation therapy as curative treatment in 113 patients with clinical stages I and II nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. " 08/01/2015 - "The evolution of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection technique and associated template modifications for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors have resulted in significant improvement in the long-term morbidity. " 08/01/2005 - "Patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic germ cell tumor had statistically significantly improved survival when treated at larger oncology centers. " 02/01/2012 - "Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection appears to be safe, viable and effective for stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. " 06/01/2006 - "To characterize surgical invasiveness and morbidity and to verify therapeutic efficacy, we reviewed perioperative and postoperative courses and therapeutic outcomes of patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testicular germ cell cancers. "
5.	Salvage Therapy 01/01/2015 - "Salvage therapy in patients with germ cell tumors." 02/01/2014 - "Salvage therapy for refractory or recurrent pediatric germ cell tumors: the French SFCE experience." 10/01/2011 - "Salvage therapy: SIU/ICUD Consensus Meeting on Germ Cell Tumors (GCT), Shanghai 2009." 11/01/2009 - "[Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) for post-chemotherapeutic metastatic germ cell tumors as minimally invasive salvage therapy]." 08/01/1994 - "Salvage therapy for germ cell tumors."