Nausea

An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.

Networked: 15092 relevant articles (1350 outcomes, 1709 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Vomiting
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Headache (Headaches)
5.	Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)

Experts

1.	Navari, Rudolph M: 32 articles (10/2015 - 07/2003)
2.	Morrow, Gary R: 31 articles (07/2014 - 03/2002)
3.	Parker, Linda A: 30 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
4.	Grunberg, Steven M: 25 articles (10/2015 - 10/2002)
5.	Roscoe, Joseph A: 23 articles (01/2014 - 03/2002)
6.	Koren, Gideon: 22 articles (07/2015 - 05/2002)
7.	Hesketh, Paul J: 22 articles (01/2015 - 10/2002)
8.	Fujii, Yoshitaka: 22 articles (02/2011 - 01/2002)
9.	Gan, Tong J: 21 articles (10/2014 - 04/2002)
10.	Herrstedt, Jørn: 20 articles (10/2014 - 05/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Nausea:

1.	Ondansetron (Zofran)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2008 - "However, the latter improved nausea on day 2. A single 8 mg dose of ondansetron can maintain antiemetic efficacy in the majority of complete responders in arm A and arm B." 05/01/1994 - "The two schedules of ondansetron used in the first 24 hours were no different in their antiemetic efficacy, with similar rates for complete responses (76.7% v 72.0%, P = .472), complete plus major responses (90.2% v 82.0%, P = .135), and severity of nausea (P = .348). " 10/01/2012 - "The addition of ondansetron ODT resulted in a significant improvement in degree of nausea." 10/01/2012 - "Conversely, during phase 2, patients receiving ondansetron ODT showed significant improvement in both measures of nausea. " 07/01/2001 - "There was a significant reduction in the frequency of emetic episodes and rescue antiemetic requirement in patients treated with ondansetron; however, ondansetron did not significantly reduce the incidence of nausea alone (14% in Group 2 vs 5% in Group 1, P = .065). "
2.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2015 - "Patients at risk for post-operative nausea are treated with anti-emetic medications and perioperative dexamethasone. " 03/01/2013 - "During the first 24 hours, nausea occurred in 12/35 (34.4%) patients receiving dexamethasone and in 32/35 (91.4%) receiving placebo (P<0.001). " 01/01/2009 - "Seven patients (18%) in the dexamethasone group reported nausea, compared with 16 (40%) in the placebo group (p = 0.026). " 04/01/2008 - "Seven patients in the control group, but only one in the dexamethasone group, were treated for nausea (P = 0.05). " 04/01/2007 - "Average nausea scores were low in all groups, but the incidence of nausea until 24 h postoperatively was significantly higher among groups receiving only 2 mg of dexamethasone (P < 0.03). "
3.	Metoclopramide (Reglan)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2000 - "There was a trend for improvement in the intensity of all symptoms on controlled-release metoclopramide with the exception of appetite, but this trend only reached statistical significance for nausea. " 12/01/1968 - "Metoclopramide in the treatment of nausea: a double blind trial." 03/01/2015 - "Six patients complained of nausea that eased with the administration of ev metoclopramide. " 04/05/2014 - "The target of this paper is aimed to discuss the fast and newly techniques in order to assessment the metoclopramide (Mcp) nausea drug in pure form in solid and solution shape with different kind of π-acceptors upon charge transfer interactions. " 04/05/2014 - "Charge-transfer interactions of metoclopramide nausea drug against six kind of π-acceptors: spectral and thermal discussions."
4.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2005 - "In the present studies, therefore, the behavioural repertoire of Suncus murinus in response to the emetic chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin was studied in an attempt to characterize behaviours (including spontaneous locomotor activity) that may be relevant to nausea status. " 12/01/2003 - "In this study, we investigated the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, an antioxidant herbal medicine, on cisplatin-induced nausea using a rat model. " 08/01/2014 - "The emetic, nausea-like behavior and potential biomarker response to both the clinical dose (70 mg/m2) and low dose (15 mg/m2) of cisplatin was assessed. " 02/01/2012 - "Because cisplatin has a long half-life, we assessed the delayed phase nausea and vomiting(days 6-10). " 05/01/2011 - "Gastric electrical stimulation with appropriate parameters reduces cisplatin-induced emetic responses and behaviors suggestive of nausea in dogs. "
5.	Granisetron (Kytril)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1995 - "Granisetron proved significantly effective in preventing nausea, as 75% of granisetron-administered patients experienced either only slight nausea or none at all, against only 22.5% in the non-granisetron group. " 12/01/1998 - "The study demonstrated that Granisetron is more active than placebo in controlling nausea (3 cases vs 4), and retching (2 vs 6). " 09/01/1997 - "Granisetron doses of 5 microg/kg or larger were also superior to the saline and 2-microg/kg granisetron treatment for the prevention of nausea over the 24-h study period (nausea visual analog scales 24 h after surgery: 49, 41, 18, 16, and 14 mm in the control and granisetron 2 microg/kg, 5 microg/kg, 10 microg/kg, and 20 microg/kg groups, respectively). " 05/01/1995 - "Granisetron at both doses also was superior to the control for the prevention of nausea over the 24-h study period (nausea visual analog scales at 24-h postsurgery: 49 mm, 17 mm, and 18 mm in the control, granisetron 20 micrograms/kg, and granisetron 40 micrograms/kg groups, respectively). " 04/01/2014 - "On the basis of the results of multivariate analysis, young age, female gender, and the use of granisetron were significant risk factors for delayed nausea. "
6.	AntiemeticsIBA 01/01/1993 - "The use of 5-HT3-antagonists as antiemetics has dramatically improved the quality of life during treatment by reducing the frequency of nausea to only 12.5%. " 08/01/2008 - "However, efficacy against nausea does not appear to be superior to other antiemetics, so that composite outcomes that are driven by nausea (e.g. " 03/01/2007 - "Combining antiemetics with other non-pharmacological treatments may prove more effective in decreasing nausea than antiemetics alone. " 01/01/2009 - "Of the 145 nauseous patients only 25% felt that antiemetics had helped them and 34% would have liked additional treatment, although the nausea intensity was mild in 72%. " 03/01/2004 - "An understanding of the pathophysiology of nausea and the mechanisms of antiemetics can help family physicians improve the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of therapy. "
7.	aprepitant (Emend)FDA Link 02/01/2012 - "Multiple-day dosing of aprepitant was effective for prevention of nausea(Odds ratio: 0. " 10/01/2007 - "Post hoc analyses of pooled data from these trials were performed to more fully characterize the efficacy profile of aprepitant in terms of nausea and use of rescue therapy. " 08/01/2015 - "Furthermore maximum nausea was 1.58 ± 1.91 in the control group and 0.73 ± 1.79 in the aprepitant group (P=.084); for the head-and-neck subset, 2.23 ± 2.13 in the control group and 0.64 ± 1.77 in the aprepitant group, respectively (P=.03). " 07/01/2015 - "The aprepitant group also had statistically significantly higher percentages of no significant nausea, complete response and complete protection than the control group overall. " 01/01/2015 - "Nausea was significantly more severe in 3 days regimen of aprepitant than in 6 days regimen. "
8.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 01/01/2010 - "Polymorphisms in the subunit gene HTR3C of the serotonin receptor may be involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-associated nausea." 01/01/2010 - "Two naturally occurring variants of the serotonin receptor gene HTR3C are associated with nausea in pregnancy." 10/01/2009 - "Although rigorous proof will require further experiments, we have a plausible mechanism for the antifeedant effect of PA: inhibition of SDH in gastrointestinal cells decreases mitochondrial energy production resulting in a noxious stimulus, 5-HT release, and sensations of nausea and discomfort. " 05/01/2009 - "The effect of manipulation of the serotonin (5-HT) system on conditioned gaping (presumably reflective of nausea in rats) was evaluated. " 03/01/2008 - "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced nausea can be severe enough to lead to early treatment discontinuation. "
9.	palonosetron (Aloxi)FDA Link 02/01/2015 - "Along with a more complete response, the severity of nausea was also lesser with palonosetron during the corresponding study periods (2-24 and 24-48 h, respectively; p < 0.05). " 07/01/2014 - "Palonosetron may be more effective than older 5-HT3 RAs in preventing nausea, with comparable tolerability. " 07/01/2014 - "Numerically more palonosetron-treated patients were nausea-free on each day, and fewer had moderate-severe nausea. " 03/01/2014 - "The incidence of nausea was also significantly lower in the palonosetron group than in the placebo group during the 0-24 and 0-72 h period (P<0.05), but not during the 24-72 h postoperative period. " 01/01/2014 - "She was ultimately treated with palonosetron with complete resolution of her acute nausea. "
10.	DroperidolFDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2009 - "Over 24 h, nausea was reduced from 42.9% in the control to 32.0% in the droperidol group, corresponding to a relative risk (RR) of 0.75 (95% CI from 0.66 to 0.84). " 10/01/2003 - "Droperidol trended toward a greater mean reduction of nausea than placebo at 5 minutes (20 versus 4, p=0.077). " 09/01/2003 - "In controls, the incidence of nausea was 48.8%; with droperidol 5 micro g, it was 42.7% (NNT compared with control, 16 [95% confidence interval, 4.7 to -11]); with 15 micro g, it was 32.9% (NNT, 6.3 [3.3-100]); and with 50 micro g, it was 21.7% (NNT, 3.7 [2.4 to 7.6]). " 11/01/2000 - "Small-dose droperidol effectively reduces nausea in a general surgical adult patient population." 08/01/1999 - "Despite the prophylactic administration of 0.5 mg droperidol i.v., patients undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic surgery reported a high incidence of nausea after discharge. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2012 - "The efficacy of treatment was measured as complete response (no nausea or vomit) in the acute phase (first 24h after chemotherapy) and late phase (2-5 days after chemotherapy). " 08/01/2008 - "Furthermore, increases in average nausea led to a significant reduction in QoL after chemotherapy. " 09/01/2007 - "The findings suggest that helping patients and their families communicate in more satisfactory and supportive ways and maintain an organized family system might be beneficial in reducing the symptoms of chemotherapy-related nausea." 04/01/2014 - "However, both delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and breakthrough CINV remain difficult areas of management and require novel treatment strategies. " 05/01/2002 - "We also present preliminary data from an open-label study on the efficacy of acustimulation bands for control of chemotherapy nausea. "
2.	Acupressure (Shiatsu) 09/01/2009 - "Acupressure bands are effective in reducing radiation therapy-related nausea." 06/01/2013 - "However, the study provided encouraging evidence in relation to an improved nausea experience and some indications of possible cost savings to warrant further consideration of acupressure both in practice and in further clinical trials. " 01/01/2000 - "This study must be replicated prior to advising patients about the efficacy of acupressure for the treatment of nausea." 05/01/2002 - "We review the published literature examining the efficacy of acupressure and acustimulation wrist bands for the relief of nausea, with special emphasis on the alleviation of nausea associated with pregnancy. " 01/01/2006 - "Self-administered acupressure appears to have a protective effect for acute nausea and can readily be taught to patients though studies did not involve placebo control. "
3.	Analgesia 05/01/2007 - "The dose of ketamin and the volume used in this study caused no sedation or nausea and provided a high level of analgesia. " 05/01/2015 - "The best response to POA in view of preoperative anxiety, analgesia efficacy and severity of nausea has been revealed in carriers of combination COMT-OPRM1 AA-AA. " 03/01/2015 - "Patient satisfaction with analgesia and nausea were statistically significantly associated with OPRM1 and UGT2B7, respectively." 07/01/2014 - "Focus group participants thought that ED pharmacists could undertake extended roles in analgesia, nausea control, antibiotic cover, addiction management and preparation of medication charts for admitted patients. " 01/01/2012 - "Continuous PCB seemed to be an appropriate and reliable technique for TKA patients, because it provided better analgesia and fewer side effects such as nausea and sedation when compared to IVPCA."
4.	Radiotherapy 05/01/2012 - "Acupuncture compared with placebo acupuncture in radiotherapy-induced nausea--a randomized controlled study." 01/01/2009 - "This study stresses the importance to identify and adequately treat patients with increased risk for nausea related to radiotherapy." 08/01/2013 - "Toxicity has been low with grade 3 toxicity limited to four patients with grade 3 haematological toxicity (with no clinical sequelae) and one patient with grade 3 nausea (during radiotherapy). " 01/01/2013 - "During radiotherapy, 3 patients experienced grade 1 nausea/vomit toxicity. " 12/01/2010 - "This implies that health care professionals could consider identifying nauseous patients that possibly need support in nausea-reduction and in daily activities during radiotherapy."
5.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 04/01/2014 - "One pregnant case who delivered a normal baby by caesarean section was reported to have experienced aggravation of anaemia and nausea. " 10/01/2012 - "Can early post-spinal heart rate predict subsequent nausea during anaesthesia for caesarean section?" 01/01/2012 - "Nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms which are experienced commonly during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia and can also occur in the period following the procedure.  To assess the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions given prophylactically to prevent nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. " 07/01/2012 - "Hypotension and nausea occur frequently during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. " 01/01/2012 - "This review indicates that many different interventions have efficacy in preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. "