Myxedema

A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.

Also Known As:

Networked: 486 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 22 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
2.	Coma (Comas)
3.	Thyroiditis
4.	Thyroid Diseases (Thyroid Disease)
5.	Lethargy

Experts

1.	Akamizu, T: 3 articles (11/2003 - 06/2000)
2.	Kamino, Hideko: 2 articles (01/2009 - 01/2008)
3.	Fatourechi, Vahab: 2 articles (01/2005 - 07/2002)
4.	Saijo, M: 2 articles (11/2003 - 06/2000)
5.	Nakao, K: 2 articles (11/2003 - 06/2000)
6.	Hiratani, H: 2 articles (11/2001 - 06/2000)
7.	Hines, Aisha: 1 article (11/2015)
8.	Stewart, Jonathan T: 1 article (11/2015)
9.	Catalano, Glenn: 1 article (11/2015)
10.	Bammerlin, Elaine: 1 article (09/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Myxedema:

1.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2009 - "Myocardial function improved and facial myxedema and effusions resolved with levothyroxine supplementation." 05/01/1955 - "[Circumscribed pretibial myxedema much improved by thyroxin]." 08/01/2015 - "After ruling out other possible causes, the diagnosis of myxedema madness was considered; hence, antipsychotic drug treatment and intravenous levothyroxine were prescribed. " 11/01/2009 - "Myxedema madness rapidly reversed with levothyroxine." 08/01/1986 - "Moreover, the decrease of MAb and TgAb in idiopathic myxedema was greater (p less than 0.05) in the patients with normalized serum TSH (less than or equal to 4 microU/ml) than in those showing only a partial reduction of serum TSH (greater than 4 microU/ml) under L-thyroxine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"
2.	HormonesIBA 11/01/1965 - "[Concerning the efficacy of substitution hormone therapy with triiodthyronine in myxedema; clinico-electroencephalographic parallels]." 11/01/2012 - "However, regimen of myxedema is not well established even now, especially about thyroid hormone supplementation. " 03/30/1996 - "[Myxedema--an early model for hormone research]." 11/01/1980 - "Normal pacing threshold was obtained on the seventh day of adequate thyroid hormone therapy and a follow-up one year later revealed effective control of the myxedema and no abnormalities in the function of the pacemaker system." 11/01/1980 - "Exit block in myxedema, treated effectively by thyroid hormone therapy."
3.	Triiodothyronine (Liothyronine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1986 - "Rapid reversal of myxedema madness with triiodothyronine." 11/01/1968 - "[The effect of triiodothyronine on the veral function in patients with primary myxedema]." 07/01/1965 - "[Cardiocirculatory and electrocardiographic modifications in myxedema of the adult treated with L-triiodothyronine]." 05/01/1963 - "Myxedema heart: rapid electrocardiographic response to L-triiodothyronine." 03/01/1963 - "[Therapeutic use of triiodothyronine in myxedema]."
4.	AntibodiesIBA 12/01/1994 - "Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antithyrotropin receptor antibodies obtained from peripheral lymphocytes of hypothyroid patients with primary myxedema." 01/01/1987 - "[Acrosclerosis, Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome, myxedema and anti-centromere antibodies. " 04/01/1989 - "Anti-bovine TSH antibodies in patients with Graves' disease and primary myxedema." 01/01/1967 - "Distinction between idiopathic primary myxedema and secondary pituitary hypothyroidism by the presence of circulating thyroid antibodies." 02/01/1989 - "Microsomal (anti-TPO) antibodies are very useful markers of autoimmune thyroid disorders and are generally present in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema and Graves' disease. "
5.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/1994 - "Therefore, this study suggests that intravenous immunoglobulins are effective in the treatment of pretibial myxedema and may have an immunomodulant action in patients with Graves' disease and related disorders." 01/01/1994 - "Seven patients affected by Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema (four patients with nodular form, two with diffuse, and one with elephanthiasic form) have been treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. "
6.	Ruthenium RedIBA 04/01/1984 - "An ultrastructural study of pretibial myxedema utilizing improved ruthenium red stain." 04/01/1984 - "A case of pretibial myxedema associated with Graves' diseases has been studied by electron microscopy utilizing an improved ruthenium red stain. "
7.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2010 - "The localized pretibial myxedema was effectively treated with topical steroid (triamcinolone acetonide) ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT). " 02/01/1975 - "In a prospective study, nine patients with pretibial myxedema were treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. " 07/01/1987 - "[A case of exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (EMO) syndrome associated with hyperthyroidism--successful treatment with local injection of triamcinolone acetonide in pretibial myxedema]." 01/01/2007 - "Successful combined pentoxifylline and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatment of severe pretibial myxedema."
8.	Arachidonic Acid (Vitamin F)IBA 03/01/1978 - "Arachidonic acid, however, increased inner medullary cAMP concentration in myxedema kidneys to a value not measurably different from control. " 03/01/1992 - "The IgGs from 67 patients with active Graves' disease, 8 patients with Graves' disease in remission, 5 patients with idiopathic myxedema, 2 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 57 patients with nonautoimmune thyroid disease, and 65 normal subjects were tested for their ability to stimulate phospholipase-A2 activity, as measured by arachidonic acid release from FRTL5 thyroid cells. " 03/01/1978 - "The difference in PGE2 production between myxedema and control rat kidneys was not corrected by addition of either arachidonic acid (170 micronM) or phospholipase A2 (5 microgram/ml). "
9.	Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Depo-Provera)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1987 - "Continuous positive airway pressure and administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate prevented further episodes and relieved much of the somnolence and lethargy that had contributed to the evidence for myxedema. "
10.	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)IBA 10/01/1990 - "[A case of myxedema heart showing the improvement of impaired alpha-hANP secretion by administration of ATP and dibutyryl cAMP]." 10/01/1990 - "These results indicate that the impaired alpha-hANP secretion in myxedema heart is improved by the administration of thyroxine, ATP or db-cAMP."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Occlusive Dressings (Occlusive Dressing) 01/01/2010 - "Treatment of pretibial myxedema (PTM) with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT) in Graves' patients." 01/01/2010 - "The localized pretibial myxedema was effectively treated with topical steroid (triamcinolone acetonide) ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT). " 05/01/1967 - "Therapy with occlusive dressings of pretibial myxedema with fluocinolone acetonide."
2.	Subcutaneous Injections 01/01/2011 - "Multipoint subcutaneous injection of long-acting glucocorticid as a cure for pretibial myxedema." 05/01/2014 - "Subcutaneous injections of sheep thyroid extracts were developed for treatment of postoperative hypothyroidism as well as congenital myxedema. "
3.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 08/01/1987 - "Continuous positive airway pressure and administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate prevented further episodes and relieved much of the somnolence and lethargy that had contributed to the evidence for myxedema. "
4.	Radiotherapy 11/12/1961 - "[Long-term influence of radiotherapy for cancer of larynx on the appearance of myxedema]." 02/01/1992 - "While management is often successful, future studies should address the following three areas: a) optimization of thyroid hormone dose for treatment of myxedema coma; b) clarification of the role of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for thyroid lymphoma; and c) more effective therapy for anaplastic carcinoma."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1978 - "Myxedema coma, neonatal hypothyroidism, primary hypothyroidism, and secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are specific hypothyroid states for which drug therapy is discussed. " 02/01/1992 - "While management is often successful, future studies should address the following three areas: a) optimization of thyroid hormone dose for treatment of myxedema coma; b) clarification of the role of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for thyroid lymphoma; and c) more effective therapy for anaplastic carcinoma."