Myopia

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.

Also Known As:

Networked: 4955 relevant articles (330 outcomes, 606 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Astigmatism
2.	Choroidal Neovascularization
3.	Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)
4.	Refractive Errors (Refractive Error)
5.	Keratoconus

Experts

1.	Qu, Jia: 31 articles (04/2015 - 06/2003)
2.	Schaeffel, Frank: 31 articles (11/2014 - 05/2002)
3.	Alió, Jorge L: 30 articles (01/2015 - 11/2002)
4.	Schmid, Katrina L: 22 articles (11/2015 - 09/2003)
5.	Shimizu, Kimiya: 22 articles (10/2015 - 08/2003)
6.	Zhou, Xiangtian: 22 articles (04/2015 - 04/2006)
7.	Kamiya, Kazutaka: 21 articles (10/2015 - 07/2002)
8.	Zadnik, Karla: 20 articles (08/2013 - 07/2002)
9.	Montés-Micó, Robert: 19 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
10.	Manche, Edward E: 19 articles (05/2015 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Myopia:

1.	Atropine (Hyoscyamine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Numerous studies, including those using animal models of myopia development and human clinical trials, have shown that the non-selective muscarinic antagonist atropine is effective in preventing the axial elongation that leads to myopia development. " 02/01/2006 - "The results of this study demonstrate that, with regular instillation, topical 0.05% atropine is an effective agent for controlling myopia progression in a majority of school-aged children for at least a period of 1 year." 08/01/2012 - "The broadband muscarinic antagonist atropine is effective in stopping the progression of myopia in animals and humans. " 04/01/2010 - "To investigate whether seasonal modification in the concentration of atropine drops is effective in retarding the progression of myopia. " 12/01/2006 - "Topical atropine was well tolerated and effective in slowing the progression of low and moderate myopia and ocular axial elongation in Asian children."
2.	PirenzepineIBA 04/05/2005 - "The significant reduction in myopia in 2% and 4% pirenzepine treated animals was caused by significantly less vitreous chamber elongation and axial elongation of the deprived eyes [2% group: (0.009+/-0.052) mm, 4% group: (0.006+/-0.078) mm] when compared with untreated, saline treated or 1% pirenzepine treated guinea pigs (0.057+/-0.056) mm, (0.064+/-0.053) mm and (0.033+/-0.035) mm, respectively]. " 09/01/1995 - "Daily subconjunctival injection of pirenzepine was significantly less effective in preventing form deprivation myopia. " 08/01/2008 - "To evaluate if the safety and efficacy of the relatively selective M1-antagonist, pirenzepine, in slowing the progression of myopia in children is sustained over a 2-year period. " 10/13/2004 - "Pirenzepine, an M1 selective muscarinic antagonist, is effective in slowing the progression of myopia in both humans and experimental animals, including chick. " 01/01/2002 - "Similar patterns of scleral glycosaminoglycan synthesis changes were found following the provision of brief periods of unoccluded vision further demonstrating that pirenzepine is effective in myopia prevention via a non-toxic mechanism. "
3.	ranibizumab (Lucentis)FDA Link 11/01/2010 - "Intravitreal ranibizumab to treat CNV complicated by high myopia seems to be associated with an improvement in VA and good tolerance. " 05/01/2011 - "Is ranibizumab effective in stopping the loss of vision for choroidal neovascularisation in pathologic myopia? " 11/01/2014 - "This study indicates that ranibizumab therapy is dominant over vPDT for the treatment of visual impairment due to CNV secondary to pathologic myopia in the UK healthcare setting and cost effective compared with observation." 06/01/2015 - "Ranibizumab(Lucentis) in high myopia with neovascularization. " 12/01/2014 - "We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 46 consecutive, treatment-naive eyes which received intravitreal ranibizumab for subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNV secondary to pathologic myopia with a follow-up of 12 months. "
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2014 - "The BCVA improved significantly after surgery for both groups, and patients in the nonextreme myopia group achieved better postoperative BCVA due to better retinal status of the eyes. " 01/01/2012 - "At baseline, central retinal thickness in eyes with AMD was significantly greater that those with PCV (P = 0.005) or high myopia (P = 0.029). " 04/01/2008 - "The high myopia group had significantly greater mean retinal thickness in the foveola and fovea 1 mm area than the non-myopia group (166 vs149 microm, P<0.0001, 199 vs188 microm, P=0.0063, respectively). " 04/01/2007 - "Acute bilateral myopia associated with anterior chamber shallowing, intraocular pressure elevation, diffuse ciliochoroidal effusion, and perimacular retinal folds was relieved 14 days after discontinuation of anorexiant medications. " 01/01/1995 - "Current laboratory research suggests that quality and/or focus (defocus) of retinal imagery is involved in this feedback mechanism and that experimentally induced myopia might be enhanced, reduced or eliminated by pharmaceutical application. "
5.	bevacizumabFDA Link 03/01/2013 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab injection is a beneficial treatment for extrafoveal CNV associated with pathologic myopia." 04/01/2010 - "The results indicate that bevacizumab might be beneficial in the treatment of patients with CNV secondary to pathologic myopia." 10/01/2014 - "In conclusion, Bevacizumab is similary effective in human and chicken tissue, has similar time constants (few days), has almost symmetrical effects on myopia in both eyes even after monocular application, and fully suppresses choroidal thickening that normally occurs during recovery from deprivation myopia. " 02/01/2012 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab as a treatment for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to myopia: 4-year study results." 04/01/2015 - "However, high myopia was more prevalent in the bevacizumab-treated eyes."
6.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2011 - "To evaluate the current clinical evidence of safety and efficacy of intraoperative topical application of 0.02% mitomycin C (MMC) used for up to 2 minutes after surface ablation for correction of myopia. " 01/01/2015 - "In myopia was more than 4D, mitomycin C was used with PRK. " 01/01/2015 - "Single-step transepithelial ASLA (SCHWIND) with mitomycin-C for the correction of high myopia: long term follow-up." 07/01/2011 - "Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes comparing surface ablation for correction of myopia with and without 0.02% mitomycin C." 01/01/2008 - "Comparison of standard (0.02%) and low dose (0.002%) mitomycin C in the prevention of corneal haze following surface ablation for myopia."
7.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 09/01/2003 - "PDT may be useful in the treatment of different types of CNV due to causes other than AMD or high myopia." 07/01/2007 - "PDT is a safe and effective treatment for patients with CNV of pathologic myopia, it can reduce the risk of moderate and severe vision loss and alleviate the symptoms. " 04/01/2012 - "Twenty-three eyes of 21 consecutive patients who received PDT for subfoveal CNV due to pathologic myopia and who were followed for >12 months were included in the study. " 09/01/2006 - "The results of our study indicate that the acute infiltration observed in patients with pathologic myopia after PDT occurs in the first day and regresses during the first week. " 11/01/2013 - "The medical records of patients with high myopia and CNV treated with PDT or IVR in our department were reviewed. "
8.	Ophthalmic Solutions (Eye Drops)IBA 05/01/2006 - "The effects of eye drops on corneal thickness in adult myopia." 09/01/1985 - "The tendency to amplify the myopia and impair nocturnal vision acuity with and without blinding was greater with eye drops than with gel. " 01/01/1964 - "[THERAPY OF MYOPIA WITH MYDRIN EYEDROPS]." 03/01/1994 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs vs. corticosteroidal eyedrops after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to reduce moderate and high myopia." 01/01/1991 - "A prospective study of myopia progression and the effect of a trial with bifocal lenses and beta blocker eye drops."
9.	verteporfin (Visudyne)FDA Link 04/01/2003 - "The VIP Study Group recommends verteporfin therapy for subfoveal CNV resulting from pathologic myopia based on both the 1- and 2-year results of this randomized clinical trial." 06/01/2001 - "Subgroup analysis showed a greater benefit in predominantly classic lesions (p < 0.001, NNT: 3.6), increasing further for lesions with no occult component, roughly equivalent to pure classic (p < 0.01, NNT: 2.2) A significant benefit at 12 months has been shown in patients with CNV secondary to myopia in the Verteporfin in AMD (VIP) trial, but no benefit in pure occult lesions. " 11/01/2008 - "Kaplan Meier Survival analysis was done to estimate the success rate of verteporfin therapy for CNV caused by pathologic myopia. " 04/01/2003 - "Verteporfin therapy for subfoveal CNV caused by pathologic myopia safely maintained a visual benefit compared with a placebo therapy through 2 years of follow-up. " 10/01/2012 - "We have verified the efficiency of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in group of 51 eyes (17 men, 34 women), mean age 49,5 years with subfoveal localized predominantly classic neovascular membranes in pathologic myopia. "
10.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2015 - "The case highlights the potential ocular complications associated with silicone oil migration into the anterior chamber, including corneal endothelial decompensation and a significant increase in myopia. " 07/01/2015 - "Persistent anterior chamber silicone oil and myopia." 01/01/2014 - "This case series concluded that the risk factors for recurrent RD after silicone oil removal from cases of myopic MHRD were high myopia, open flat MH, and large posterior staphyloma. " 01/01/2013 - "PPV/silicone oil tamponade is a practical choice for treatment of MHRD in high myopia. " 11/01/2011 - "In this retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series, 143 myopic eyes of 82 patients were treated for high myopia with the implantation of the silicone PRL in the posterior chamber. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 05/01/2014 - "When the ICL's spherical aberration is modified, the post-LASIK eyes of high myopia are the most benefited, as these eyes are more aberrated than after moderate myopic LASIK." 11/01/2005 - "LASIK for myopia with the Alcon CustomCornea and WaveLight Allegretto Wave systems is highly effective in terms of refractive outcome and uncorrected visual acuity. " 12/01/2004 - "LASIK appeared to be an effective and safe treatment for correction of extremely high myopia. " 06/01/2000 - "In this study, LASIK was effective and safe in the correction of high myopia, however continuous myopic regression was seen over the two-year follow-up. " 11/01/2015 - "Compared with preoperative values, amblyopic eyes with moderate myopia having LASIK or implantation of a pIOL demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in UDVA and CDVA (P < .001). "
2.	Excimer Lasers 05/01/2015 - "The MEL 90 excimer laser using the Triple-A ablation profile with a 500-Hz pulse rate was found to achieve a small but real increase in contrast sensitivity and high efficacy for myopia up to -10.00 D and cylinder up to 5.00 D without the need for a nomogram adjustment." 08/01/2006 - "Bilateral refractive lensectomy is effective for improving functional vision in neurobehaviorally impaired children who have high myopia (beyond the range of excimer laser correction: see companion publication) and difficulties wearing glasses. " 04/01/1995 - "We assessed the efficacy of excimer laser treatment for persons with high (spherical equivalent between -5 and -10 diopters) and extreme (spherical equivalent greater than -10D) myopia. " 08/01/1995 - "The excimer laser PRK for correcting myopia up to -11.00D appears to be effective, predictable, stable and safe in this study. " 12/01/1998 - "Excimer laser PRK is an effective treatment for myopia of up to -9.00 D. "
3.	Photorefractive Keratectomy 03/01/1993 - "Photorefractive keratectomy proved safe and effective, but highly predictable only in the correction of myopia up to -6.00 D." 10/01/2000 - "++Photorefractive keratectomy was effective in treating high myopia between -6.0 and -10.0 D. " 05/01/1995 - "Despite the short follow up, simultaneous bilateral photorefractive keratectomy appears to be an effective and safe procedure for the correction of myopia." 11/01/1994 - "During a 1-year period, excimer photorefractive keratectomy appears to be an effective, predictable, stable, and safe method to reduce myopia. " 07/01/2012 - "Photorefractive keratectomy was safe and effective in the treatment of myopia up to -7.00 D, and all patients reported being satisfied. "
4.	Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy (LASEK) 01/01/2015 - "Both standard PRK and no-alcohol LASEK offer safe and effective correction of low-moderate myopia in the long term without any statistically significant difference between the two groups." 12/01/2008 - "LASEK is a safe and effective procedure for correction of super high myopia, though there is still some regression happened after operation and the intraocular pressure should be observed during the follow-up periods." 01/01/2003 - "LASEK treatment is a safe and effective technique for treatment of low to high myopia. " 09/01/2007 - "LASEK is an effective and safe procedure for low to moderate myopia, but it seems more painful until full corneal reepithelization. " 12/01/2015 - "Both SMILE and LASEK are safe and effective surgical procedures in the correction of myopia. "
5.	Lasers (Laser) 04/01/2001 - "Laser epithelial keratomileusis safely and effectively treated eyes with low to moderate myopia. " 03/15/1992 - "The goals of the study were to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure in decreasing myopia, to assess the response of the cornea to intrastromal photoablation, and to examine the relationship between the number of laser pulses and the refractive correction achieved. " 01/01/1992 - "The study was designed to evaluate the clinical and refractive efficacy of the procedure, to assess the behavior of the cornea following stromal photoablation, and to evaluate the relationship between the number of laser pulses and the decrease of myopia. " 03/01/2015 - "Forty eyes from 20 patients who underwent treatment for myopia using a femtosecond laser for flap creation were enrolled in this study. " 03/01/2014 - "This study provides the repeatability of the thinnest and midperipheral pachymetry using the combined Placido-scanning-slit system in transparent corneas after laser keratorefractive surgery for treatment of myopia. "