Myocarditis (Carditis)

Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.

Also Known As:

Networked: 3944 relevant articles (264 outcomes, 433 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dilated Cardiomyopathy (Cardiomyopathy, Congestive)
2.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)
3.	Heart Failure
4.	Inflammation
5.	Cardiomyopathies (Cardiomyopathy)

Experts

1.	Kodama, Makoto: 55 articles (04/2013 - 01/2002)
2.	Aizawa, Yoshifusa: 42 articles (03/2011 - 01/2002)
3.	Watanabe, Kenichi: 38 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Kishimoto, Chiharu: 35 articles (03/2015 - 07/2002)
5.	Klingel, Karin: 31 articles (01/2015 - 05/2003)
6.	Kandolf, Reinhard: 27 articles (01/2015 - 01/2003)
7.	Rose, Noel R: 26 articles (03/2015 - 02/2002)
8.	Ma, Meilei: 25 articles (04/2012 - 01/2003)
9.	Fairweather, DeLisa: 22 articles (06/2015 - 05/2003)
10.	Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter: 21 articles (06/2015 - 06/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Myocarditis:

1.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 12/01/2012 - "Use of IVIG seemed to have a beneficial effect in terms of improved clinical outcomes in children with AES complicated by myocarditis. " 02/01/2002 - "The rapid recovery, which was immediately subsequent to the administration of high-dose IVIG, suggests that this kind of treatment has been effective in our patient with acute myocarditis." 01/01/1994 - "These data suggest that use of high-dose IVIG for treatment of acute myocarditis is associated with improved recovery of left ventricular function and with a tendency to better survival during the first year after presentation." 08/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two experimental regimes of human intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) on the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). " 01/01/2015 - "Until higher-quality studies have demonstrated benefit in a particular group of patients, IVIG for presumed viral myocarditis should not be provided as routine practice in any situation. "
2.	CytokinesIBA 08/01/2009 - "Therapies that target the beneficial effects of cytokines in limiting cytopathic damage may offer an effective and novel treatment approach to viral myocarditis." 09/01/2001 - "Expression of immunoregulatory cytokines by recombinant coxsackievirus B3 variants confers protection against virus-caused myocarditis." 12/01/2015 - "The results showed that there were inflammatory cell infiltrations, interstitial edemas, and elevated inflammatory cytokines, in CVB3-induced myocarditis. " 07/01/2015 - "AAV9-mediated Wnt11 gene therapy produces beneficial effects on cardiac function and increases the survival of mice with CVB3-induced myocarditis through the suppression of both infiltration of inflammatory cells and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines." 03/01/2015 - "Animals inoculated perorally with a serotype 1 reassortant reovirus containing σ3-Y354H developed exaggerated myocarditis accompanied by elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. "
3.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 10/01/2008 - "These results show for the first time that DMF ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis and may be acted, at least in part, by interfering with the production of TNF-alpha." 06/01/2008 - "Also, anti-TNF-alpha treatment reduced the frequency of CD8+CCR5+ circulating cells and myocarditis, though parasite load was unaltered in infected C3H/HeJ mice. " 02/06/2001 - "Injection of recombinant human TNF-alpha (0.2 to 4.0 microg/mouse IV) improved the survival of TNF-alpha(-/-) mice in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that TNF-alpha is essential for protection against viral myocarditis. " 04/01/1995 - "In our animal model of EMC virus myocarditis, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was elevated in the acute stage and exogenously administered anti TNF-alpha antibody improved the survival and myocardial lesion, suggesting the importance of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis." 03/01/2008 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of different viruses and the expression of TNFalpha in children with clinical suspicion of myocarditis. "
4.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 11/15/2000 - "Immunoglobulin treatment ameliorates murine myocarditis associated with reduction of neurohumoral activity and improvement of extracellular matrix change." 04/01/2012 - "Role of high-dose Intravenous immunoglobulin in myocarditis has been studied by many trials with different outcomes. " 06/01/2005 - "[Effects of immunoglobulin on murine myocarditis caused by influenza A virus: experimental study]." 11/01/2001 - "In the present study, we examined the effects of immunoglobulin upon murine myocarditis induced by encephalomyocarditis virus, which is not pathogenic to humans. " 09/14/2001 - "In the present study, the mechanisms and importance of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin in experimental giant cell myocarditis were examined. "
5.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 08/15/2012 - "In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of SOCS1 DNA administration on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice. " 03/15/1999 - "The results of the present study demonstrating negative in situ labeling of fragmented DNA associated with absence of expression of p53 provide support to the hypothesis that apoptosis is not the mechanism of cell death in chronic chagasic myocarditis. " 04/01/2014 - "Correlation between presence of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in heart tissue of baboons and cynomolgus monkeys, and lymphocytic myocarditis." 06/01/2013 - "Endomyocardial biopsies revealed decreased levels of HHV-6B DNA in the myocardium and the disappearance of histological findings in support of lymphocytic myocarditis. " 11/01/2012 - "In a majority of cases of myocarditis and a significant number of otherwise normal hearts, nucleic acid amplification testing detected persistent parvovirus B19 genomic DNA that did not play a significant pathogenic role. "
6.	carvedilol (Coreg)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Protective effects of carvedilol in murine model with the coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis." 08/25/2010 - "Carvedilol treatment ameliorates acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis associated with oxidative stress reduction." 01/01/2013 - "This study was therefore designed to examine the effects of carvedilol on the transcriptional factor CREB in a murine model of acute viral myocarditis. " 01/01/2008 - "Therefore, this study investigated whether carvedilol protects against viral myocarditis primarily by its antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory properties. " 02/15/2013 - "The beneficial action of the β-blocker carvedilol in murine viral myocarditis can be explained partly by the resulting heart rate reduction and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. "
7.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 10/23/2009 - "The present study found that serum H2S level, H2S production rate, CSE mRNA and CSE protein levels were increased in CVB3-induced myocarditis. " 06/28/2002 - "Our previous studies, using differential mRNA display, suggested that the mouse Nip21 gene may be involved in myocarditis development in the coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-infected mouse heart. " 06/14/2015 - "In myocardium of patients with myocarditis, CCL2 mRNA levels and CCR2(+) cells increased (P < 0.05), motivating us to pursue CCR2 silencing. " 04/01/2015 - "The results indicate that the expression of TLR4 mRNA and the protein significantly and persistently increased during the progression of CVB3-induced myocarditis. " 01/01/2012 - "We further demonstrate mRNA transcript assessment and in situ characterization that challenged fish develop a CD8+ T cell myocarditis."
8.	SteroidsIBA 10/01/2014 - "Steroids alone were effective in 50% of patients with myocarditis. " 09/01/2009 - "Here, we present a case of AOSD associated with myocarditis, in which the patient responded well to systemic steroids." 07/01/2006 - "ARF with carditis benefited from steroids with partial to total regression in 41/45 patients (91%), two patients underwent valve repair or replacement, another patient died from severe pancarditis. " 01/01/2004 - "Left ventricular function improved quickly and markedly in these two patients; one of them had recurrence of severe myocarditis at intervals of 6 years and was each time responsive to steroids. " 07/01/2012 - "One month later she was readmitted with fulminant myocarditis which again responded to steroids. "
9.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2015 - "However, immediate systemic corticosteroids are known to be effective against eosinophilic myocarditis; therefore, prompt diagnosis of this disease is crucial. " 04/01/1999 - "The role of corticosteroids in treatment of carditis is uncertain and controlled studies have failed to demonstrate improved long term prognosis. " 01/01/2006 - "No randomised controlled trials of corticosteroids for viral myocarditis were found that met our inclusion criteria. " 01/01/2015 - "The best available evidence does not support the routine use of corticosteroids in patients with viral myocarditis. " 01/01/2015 - "Cochrane Corner: Corticosteroids for viral myocarditis."
10.	Captopril (Capoten)FDA LinkGeneric 06/05/2014 - "Hence, captopril may be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of CLZ-induced myocarditis in humans. " 06/01/1993 - "Thus, captopril and MPG were effective for the treatment of virus-induced myocarditis. " 06/05/2014 - "These results suggested that captopril exerts a protective action against CLZ-induced myocarditis. " 03/10/2010 - "We examined the role of ADAMTS-1 in the antifibrotic activity of the ACE inhibitor Captopril in a chronic viral myocarditis (CVMC) model. " 08/01/2003 - "To explore the changes of myocardial energy production in mice with viral myocarditis, and to observe the interventional effects of captopril. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) 04/01/2013 - "To our knowledge, this is the first case of DRESS-associated fulminant myocarditis treated successfully with ECMO support. " 05/01/2015 - "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be used effectively in adults with myocarditis to support the circulation while awaiting myocardial recovery. " 01/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognosis of patients with fulminant myocarditis managed by ECMO. " 10/01/2010 - "The study showed that ECMO can be safely and successfully used for children with acute fulminant myocarditis diagnosed solely on clinical and radiographic grounds who need mechanical support. " 02/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute myocarditis. "
2.	Heart Transplantation (Grafting, Heart) 03/01/1991 - "The likelihood of an adverse event, either cardiovascular mortality or cardiac transplantation, was significantly greater for patients with giant cell myocarditis than for those with lymphocytic myocarditis, perhaps because of the progressive decline in left ventricular systolic function that was observed in those with giant cell myocarditis." 08/01/1988 - "Successful management of acute myocarditis with biventricular assist devices and cardiac transplantation." 02/01/2013 - "We have undertaken this study to establish the criteria for determining the need for heart transplantation following VAD implant for fulminant myocarditis. " 10/15/2007 - "Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the immunosuppressive effect of HGF in animal models of allogenic heart transplantation and autoimmune myocarditis and in studies in vitro as well. " 02/01/2001 - "An earlier study of murine chronic ongoing myocarditis reported that infiltrating T cells and macrophages were prominent in the normal donor heart, in a heterotopic cardiac transplantation model. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2013 - "Giant-cell myocarditis often escapes diagnosis until autopsy or transplantation and has defied proper treatment trials for its rarity and deadly behavior. " 09/01/2007 - "In this study, we determined whether MSC transplantation attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). " 09/01/2014 - "In the pediatric population, MCS is used mainly as bridge to transplantation but can be used as bridge to recovery in patients with acute myocarditis or following open-heart surgery. " 01/01/2013 - "An endomyocardial biopsy revealed findings typical of giant cell myocarditis (GCM); poor response to immunosuppressive therapy and marked hemodynamic instability led to urgent transplantation. " 09/01/2012 - "Systemic transplantation of allogenic fetal membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppresses Th1 and Th17 T cell responses in experimental autoimmune myocarditis."
4.	Immunomodulation 05/01/2000 - "However, in the setting of a chronic, (auto-)immunological myocarditis with the proven absence of entero- or adenoviral sequences an immunomodulatory therapy seems to be effective and safe." 01/01/2014 - "We report on a challenging case of a 34-year-old male patient with giant cell myocarditis (GCM) and fulminant relapse after discontinuing immunomodulatory therapy 2 years after the initial event. " 01/05/2007 - "Immune response is critically involved in determining the course of viral myocarditis and immunomodulation. " 10/01/2002 - "Here, we investigate IFN transgene expression, antiviral efficacy, and immunomodulation of myocarditis using various treatment regimes in a mouse CMV model. " 11/01/2010 - "By these bioactivities of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and immunomodulation, red wine may be an effective therapeutic candidate to manage the symptoms and prevent the recurrence of myocarditis."
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2004 - "As the patient refused myocardial biopsy, the diagnosis of tuberculous myocarditis was stated ex-adjuvantibus, after specific multidrug chemotherapy with complete remission of all echocardiographic abnormalities. " 07/01/2012 - "Although anti-tuberculous chemotherapy is efficacious in the treatment of TB myocarditis, there is no evidence to suggest that it is effective in the prevention of SCD. " 02/01/2005 - "Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common causal agent of viral myocarditis, but existing drug therapies are of limited value. " 03/01/1978 - "Four patients died shortly after chemotherapy, 3 of an acute carditis. " 04/15/1990 - "Patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) may experience life-threatening hemorrhagic myocarditis. "