Muramic Acids (Muramic Acid)

Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 24 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 3 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	von Mutius, Erika: 3 articles (03/2015 - 05/2004)
2.	Holst, Otto: 2 articles (03/2015 - 05/2004)
3.	Nowak, Dennis: 2 articles (03/2015 - 05/2004)
4.	Heederik, Dick: 2 articles (01/2015 - 07/2012)
5.	von Mutius, E: 2 articles (08/2014 - 09/2006)
6.	Ege, Markus J: 1 article (03/2015)
7.	Illi, Sabina: 1 article (03/2015)
8.	Schierl, Rudolf: 1 article (03/2015)
9.	Weber, Juliane: 1 article (03/2015)
10.	Sunyer, Jordi: 1 article (01/2015)

Related Diseases

1.	Infection 09/01/1996 - "Muramic acid was positively identified in synovial fluids during infection and was eliminated over time but was absent from aseptic fluids." 01/01/1988 - "coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium killed between 80% and 100% of the spermatozoa at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. Muramic acid and N-acetylmuramic acid caused about 60% mortality at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. The possibility that the products of cellular lysis in the course of gram-negative infections cause temporary sterility is discussed."
2.	Asthma (Bronchial Asthma) 03/01/2015 - "Exposure to muramic acid related to a lower prevalence of school-age asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.59 [95% confidence interval, 0.39; 0.90]). " 01/01/2015 - "Higher concentrations of muramic acid were associated with higher mean ratios of the asthma score (aMR 1.37, 95%CI 1.17-1.61). " 08/01/2014 - "In contrast, a score for the total quantity of microbial exposure, that is, sum of indicators for fungi (ergosterol), Gram-positive (muramic acid) bacteria, and Gram-negative (endotoxin) bacteria, was significantly (inverted-U shape) associated with asthma incidence (P < 0.001): the highest risk was found at medium levels (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.87-5.75 for 3rd quintile) and the lowest risk at the highest level (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.09-1.36 for 5th quintile). " 07/01/2012 - "In later studies, β(1→3)glucans, extracellular polysaccharides, and muramic acid from, respectively, molds and gram-positive bacteria were associated with a reduced risk of allergy and asthma separately in rural and urban populations. " 09/01/2006 - "We studied the association of asthma, hay fever and allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E with exposure to a farming environment and with levels of endotoxin and muramic acid measured in house dust samples. "
3.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy) 07/01/2012 - "In later studies, β(1→3)glucans, extracellular polysaccharides, and muramic acid from, respectively, molds and gram-positive bacteria were associated with a reduced risk of allergy and asthma separately in rural and urban populations. " 09/01/1986 - "Among them, derivatives whose muramic acid residue was substituted by alpha-branched (and beta-hydroxylated) higher fatty acids at the carbon-6 position, especially 6-O-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP (B3O-MDP) and, to a lesser extent, 6-O-(3-hydroxy-2-docosylhexacosanoyl)-MDP (BH48-MDP) and its L-serine analog [BH48-MDP(L-Ser)], were found to exert strong adjuvant activity in both the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and the stimulation of circulating precipitating antibody levels when combined with nonirritating vehicles (liposomes, squalene-in-water emulsion, and phosphate-buffered saline). "
4.	Rheumatoid Arthritis 10/01/1989 - "Our goal was to determine whether muramic acid was present at detectable levels in septic SF, since this would serve as a positive control for studies of reactive and rheumatoid arthritis. " 09/01/1997 - "Presence of muramic acid (as a marker for bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan) was analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the peripheral blood leucocytes of subjects from a range of ages (9-80 years) and groups (healthy individuals, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis, essential hypertension or multiple sclerosis). "
5.	Pneumococcal Meningitis (Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis) 08/01/2000 - "In the present study, muramic acid was also readily detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pneumococcal meningitis (6.8 to 3,900 ng of muramic acid/ml of cerebrospinal fluid). " 08/01/2000 - "Failure To detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Pneumococcal meningitis."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Glucans
2.	Polysaccharides
3.	Peptidoglycan (Murein)
4.	Muramidase (Lysozyme)
5.	Fatty Acids (Saturated Fatty Acids)
6.	Ergosterol (Lumisterol)
7.	Alanine (L-Alanine)
8.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)
9.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)
10.	Squalene