Dental Fluorosis

A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

Also Known As:

Networked: 675 relevant articles (15 outcomes, 133 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dental Caries (White Spot)
2.	Periodontal Diseases (Periodontal Disease)
3.	Genetic Predisposition to Disease (Genetic Predisposition)
4.	Stomatognathic Diseases (Dental Disease)
5.	Dental Fluorosis

Experts

1.	Buzalaf, Marília Afonso Rabelo: 16 articles (12/2013 - 05/2002)
2.	Levy, Steven M: 15 articles (01/2012 - 08/2002)
3.	Warren, John J: 12 articles (01/2012 - 08/2002)
4.	Zhang, Ying: 8 articles (12/2015 - 12/2007)
5.	Cury, Jaime Aparecido: 8 articles (01/2014 - 10/2002)
6.	Sampaio, Fábio Correia: 8 articles (06/2013 - 10/2006)
7.	Broffitt, Barbara: 8 articles (01/2012 - 01/2004)
8.	Cury, J A: 7 articles (01/2013 - 02/2000)
9.	Bartlett, John D: 6 articles (12/2015 - 06/2005)
10.	Moimaz, Suzely Adas Saliba: 6 articles (01/2015 - 07/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Dental Fluorosis:

1.	FluoridesIBA 07/01/2011 - "The dental fluorosis prevalence rates of population living on corn roasted with open oven rapidly before the age of 6, even if lived in monitoring spots of improved oven for defluorination, in which the fluoride concentration of indoor air had meet the Chinese National Standard, was 100%, and most were in moderate to severe stages. " 08/01/2010 - "The understanting of the dental fluorosis process, that begins with enamel maturation, is important to Dentistry students, since fluoride has drastically decreased the incidence of caries in several population groups, with a resultant increase in fluorosis prevalence and severity, as shown in literature. " 01/01/1999 - "Evidence for the efficacy of fluoride supplements when used from birth or soon after is weak, supplements are a risk factor for dental fluorosis, and fluoride has little preeruptive effect in caries prevention. " 11/01/2015 - "Findings of this study suggest that the overall IQ of the children exposed to high fluoride levels in drinking water and hence suffering from dental fluorosis were significantly lower than those of the low fluoride area." 01/01/2015 - " regard to dental fluorosis, we estimated that for a fluoride level of 0.7 ppm the percentage of participants with fluorosis of aesthetic concern was approximately 12% (95% CI 8% to 17%; 40 studies, 59,630 participants). "
2.	ToothpastesIBA 01/01/2013 - "Children whose parents participated in a dental program that included counselling on the proper amount of fluoridated toothpaste when their children were between zero and three years old presented less frequently with dental fluorosis than a control group when examined at eight to 12 years old." 01/01/2013 - "It was concluded that a high percentage of children in the studied sample used toothpaste inappropriately and were at risk of developing dental fluorosis." 01/01/2010 - "To assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated factors particularly fluoridated toothpastes, among middle school children of a resettlement colony in Delhi. " 01/01/2010 - "Dental fluorosis and its association with the use of fluoridated toothpaste among middle school students of Delhi." 09/01/2009 - "The use of "adult" toothpaste in very young children seemed to increase the risk for mild dental fluorosis in low-caries communities but not in socially deprived high-caries populations. "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 01/01/2013 - "This can contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility to dental fluorosis, by indicating key-proteins that should be better addressed in future studies." 06/01/1994 - "Improvement in the understanding of the mechanism of dental fluorosis requires more comprehensive information about the effects of fluoride on the ionic composition of the fluid phase, the nature of the initially precipitating mineral(s), the interactions between crystals and matrix proteins, and the enzymatic degradation of the proteins. " 07/01/2013 - "Both intake of animal proteins and plant proteins were negatively associated with the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis. "
4.	clayIBA 03/01/2006 - "Breastfeeding for > 18 months and the use of clay pots for storing drinking water helped protect against severe dental fluorosis. " 10/01/2005 - "Storage of water in the local clay pots may increase the severity of dental fluorosis." 10/01/2005 - "To study the dental fluorosis and caries in the permanent teeth of 12 to 13-year-old children in fluorosis-endemic areas; to assess the relationship between fluorosis and the fluoride content of the drinking water and the relationship between caries and the fluoride content of the water; finally, to analyze the effect of fluoride intake and water stored in clay pots on dental fluorosis. "
5.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2003 - "In this study, nightguard vital bleaching technique (NVBT), using carbamide and hydrogen peroxide as active agents, has shown itself to be effective in whitening teeth affected by dental fluorosis. "
6.	Sodium Hypochlorite (Clorox)IBA 01/01/2009 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis in young patients. " 01/01/2009 - "Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis."
7.	Hydrogen Peroxide (Hydroperoxide)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2003 - "When comparing 10 and 20% concentrations of carbamide peroxide, there was no difference in the clinical effectiveness (p > 0.05); but when comparing both concentrations of carbamide peroxide against hydrogen peroxide, results showed that carbamide peroxide was more effective in whitening in cases of dental fluorosis, the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05). " 01/01/2003 - "Effectiveness of treatment with carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide in subjects affected by dental fluorosis: a clinical trial." 01/01/2003 - "In this study, nightguard vital bleaching technique (NVBT), using carbamide and hydrogen peroxide as active agents, has shown itself to be effective in whitening teeth affected by dental fluorosis. "
8.	ZincIBA 03/01/1992 - "4. As compared to control group with the excessive fluoride intake but without dental fluorosis group, there was a significant reduction in hair zinc in group with DF III degree, suggesting that the zinc in the body decreased because of zinc metabolism disturbance by excessive fluoride intake. "
9.	Vitamin EFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2014 - "Maturation stage incisor enamel organs (EO) were harvested from F(-)-treated rats and mice were assessed to determine if vitamin E ameliorates dental fluorosis. " 08/01/2014 - "Therefore, a diet rich in vitamin E did not attenuate dental fluorosis. " 08/01/2014 - "Vitamin E is an antioxidant so we asked if a diet high in vitamin E would attenuate dental fluorosis. "
10.	carbamide peroxide (E.R.O.)IBA 01/01/2003 - "When comparing 10 and 20% concentrations of carbamide peroxide, there was no difference in the clinical effectiveness (p > 0.05); but when comparing both concentrations of carbamide peroxide against hydrogen peroxide, results showed that carbamide peroxide was more effective in whitening in cases of dental fluorosis, the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05). " 01/01/2003 - "Effectiveness of treatment with carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide in subjects affected by dental fluorosis: a clinical trial."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Tooth Bleaching 02/01/2010 - "The bleaching efficacy of carbarnide peroxide in-home tooth whitening on dental fluorosis's stains is good, safe and can maintain a period of time." 02/01/2010 - "To evaluate the clinical efficacy of carbarnide peroxide in-home tooth whitening for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis. " 02/01/2010 - "[Clinical efficacy of carbarnide peroxide in-home tooth whitening for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis]." 01/01/2015 - "For the present case of mild to moderate dental fluorosis, the microinvasive resin infiltration technique was chosen, following suboptimal results of in-office vital tooth bleaching to improve the aesthetic appearance of the affected teeth. " 02/01/2010 - "One hundred and eight teeth,from 24 patients with diffuse opacities on the enamel surfaces due to effects of dental fluorosis, were assigned into mild, medium and heavy groups, and treated with carbarnide peroxide in-home tooth whitening. "
2.	Fluoridation 11/01/2013 - "Systematic reviews of the safety and efficacy of water fluoridation attest to its safety and efficacy; dental fluorosis identified as the only adverse outcome. " 07/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 12-15-year-old students from João Pessoa, PB, Brazil before starting a program of artificial fluoridation of drinking water. " 05/01/2004 - "As part of a large-scale fluoridation cessation study, standardized examiners assessed 8,281 school-aged children for dental fluorosis using the Thylstrup Fejerskov index, or TFI, in which scores range from 0 (no fluorosis) to 9 (severe loss of enamel with change of anatomical appearance). " 01/01/2015 - " evaluate the effects of water fluoridation (artificial or natural) on dental fluorosis. " 05/01/2013 - "[Dental fluorosis prevalence in Mexican localities of 27 states and the D.F.: six years after the publication of the Salt Fluoridation Mexican Official Regulation]."
3.	Enamel Microabrasion 12/01/2013 - "This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of enamel microabrasion for the aesthetic management of mild-to-severe dental fluorosis. " 12/01/2013 - "Commentary: clinical evaluation of enamel microabrasion for the esthetic management of mild-to-severe dental fluorosis." 12/01/2013 - "The clinical performance of enamel microabrasion is affected by the severity of dental fluorosis, except for its performance of removing brown stains. " 12/01/2013 - "The clinical performance of enamel microabrasion alone for aesthetic management of dental fluorosis is debatable. " 12/01/2013 - "clinical evaluation of enamel microabrasion for the aesthetic management of mild-to-severe dental fluorosis."
4.	Oral Hygiene (Dental Hygiene) 10/01/2015 - "A pre designed questionnaire was used to collect the required data for the survey which included socio demographic details, oral hygiene practices, diet history, body mass index and dental fluorosis. " 01/01/2011 - "Oral hygiene practices, dental fluorosis, periodontal status, dentition status and dentofacial anomalies were assessed and compared. " 03/01/2000 - "Oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris Index (DI-S); Gingival Index (GI) was used to measure gingival health; dental fluorosis was recorded according to the criteria of Dean. " 01/01/2011 - "The present study reveals high sugar consumption, dental fluorosis, poor oral hygiene, and untreated dental disease of tribal children. " 01/01/2014 - "Based on standards of the 3rd Chinese National Oral Epidemiological Survey and WHO Oral Health Surveys, 1907 graduating students from three senior high schools were examined for caries, periodontitis, dental fluorosis, and oral hygiene status. "
5.	Dental Esthetics (Cosmetic Dentistry) 03/01/2005 - "In this study, dental fluorosis is not a public health problem and has not damaged dental esthetics." 01/01/2012 - "To compare dental esthetic perceptions of adolescents at age 13 with those of parents and to assess associations with dental fluorosis. " 09/01/2008 - "To assess the relative importance of an orthodontic esthetic index, dental fluorosis and nonfluoride opacities, with respect to parents' satisfaction with their children's dental esthetics. " 05/01/2008 - "This case report describes the esthetic dental treatment of a patient with Cohen syndrome where microabrasion was used to treat dental fluorosis. "