Mitral Valve Prolapse

Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.

Also Known As:

Click-Murmur Syndrome; Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome; Prolapsed Mitral Valve; Click Murmur Syndrome; Click-Murmur Syndrome, Mitral; Click-Murmur Syndrome, Systolic; Click-Murmur Syndromes; Floppy Mitral Valves; Mitral Click Murmur Syndrome; Mitral Valve Prolapses; Mitral Valve, Floppy; Mitral Valve, Prolapsed; Mitral Valves, Floppy; Mitral Valves, Prolapsed; Prolapse, Mitral Valve; Prolapsed Mitral Valves; Prolapses, Mitral Valve; Syndrome, Click-Murmur; Syndrome, Mitral Click-Murmur; Syndrome, Systolic Click-Murmur; Syndromes, Click-Murmur; Systolic Click Murmur Syndrome; Valve Prolapse, Mitral; Valve Prolapses, Mitral; Valve, Prolapsed Mitral; Valves, Prolapsed Mitral; Floppy Mitral Valve; Mitral Click-Murmur Syndrome; Systolic Click-Murmur Syndrome

Networked: 554 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Cardiovascular Diseases: 91362
- Heart Diseases: 26014
  - Heart Valve Diseases: 1865
    - Heart Valve Prolapse
      - Mitral Valve Prolapse: 554
        MASS syndrome: 108
        X-linked Cardiac valvular dysplasia: 8
        Barlow syndrome: 1
        Cantalamessa Baldini Ambrosi syndrome
        Myxomatous 1 Mitral Valve Prolapse
        Myxomatous 2 Mitral Valve Prolapse
        Myxomatous 3 Mitral Valve Prolapse

Related Diseases

1.	Ventricular Tachycardia
2.	Prolapse
3.	Mitral Valve Insufficiency (Mitral Regurgitation)
4.	Endocarditis
5.	Panic Disorder (Panic Attack)

Experts

1.	Chou, Hsiang-Tai: 10 articles (08/2004 - 02/2002)
2.	Tsai, Fuu-Jen: 10 articles (08/2004 - 02/2002)
3.	Shi, Yi-Ru: 7 articles (07/2003 - 02/2002)
4.	Levine, Robert A: 5 articles (05/2022 - 05/2007)
5.	Chepurnenko, S A: 5 articles (10/2012 - 05/2007)
6.	Chen, Yng-Tay: 5 articles (08/2004 - 11/2002)
7.	Norris, Russell A: 4 articles (02/2022 - 09/2015)
8.	Delling, Francesca N: 4 articles (06/2021 - 10/2015)
9.	Wu, Jer-Yuarn: 4 articles (08/2004 - 02/2002)
10.	Poggio, Paolo: 3 articles (02/2021 - 06/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Mitral Valve Prolapse:

1.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1979 - "Efficacy of propranolol versus placebo in long-term treatment in patients with mitral valve prolapse." 04/01/1977 - "A trial of propranolol may be instituted fro patients with mitral valve prolapse who have severe symptoms and/or arrhythmias, but the drug should only be continued in those who demonstrate clinical and/or antiarrhythmic response." 04/01/1977 - "This study evaluates propranolol's effect on symptoms, arrhythmias, and exercise tolerance in 16 patients with mitral valve prolapse. " 05/01/1994 - "Attenuation of the circadian ST depression with propranolol in mitral valve prolapse." 09/01/1988 - "Response of ventricular arrhythmias to propranolol in mitral valve prolapse."
2.	GadoliniumIBA 05/01/2008 - "This study sought to develop cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) diagnostic criteria for mitral valve prolapse (MVP) using echocardiography as the gold standard and to characterize MVP using cine CMR and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)-CMR. " 03/01/2019 - "Cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with mitral valve prolapse: Focus on late gadolinium enhancement and T1 mapping." 02/01/2022 - "Dark-blood late gadolinium enhancement CMR improves detection of papillary muscle fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse." 01/01/2023 - "Conclusion In contrast to mitral annulus disjunction, myocardial fibrosis determined according to late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac MRI was associated with adverse outcome in patients with mitral valve prolapse without moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation or left ventricular dysfunction. " 10/01/2021 - "Arrhythmogenic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death characterized by fibrosis of the papillary muscles or left ventricle (LV) wall, and an association between late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the LV papillary muscles and ventricular arrhythmia in MVP has been reported. "
3.	Lactic Acid (Lactate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1985 - "The therapeutic efficacy of Mg lactate in 35 patients (4 men and 31 women) suffering from mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and latent tetany attributed to a primary Mg deficit has been studied. " 03/01/1987 - "This study looks at two promising biological markers associated with this patient population-mitral valve prolapse and lactate-induced panic. " 07/01/1988 - "A strong positive correlation between urinary magnesium and lactate was found in 17 magnesium-depleted patients with echocardiographically proved mitral valve prolapse. " 07/01/1988 - "Renal excretion of lactate and magnesium in mitral valve prolapse." 03/01/1987 - "Biological markers in panic states: lactate-induced panic and mitral valve prolapse."
4.	AprindineIBA 09/01/1980 - "A young woman with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular tachycardia refractory to numerous antiarrhythmics, received a trial of aprindine. " 03/01/1979 - "Aprindine treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with mitral valve prolapse." 07/01/1978 - "The results show that refractory malignant ventricular prolapse syndrome; patients with mitral-valve prolapse account for a rather high percentage of those patients referred with recurrent drug-refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias; in patients with unexplained ventricular arrhythmias, mitral-valve prolapse should be considered; and aprindine may be effective for ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with mitral-valve prolapse."
5.	Amiodarone (Amiodarona)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2004 - "A retrospective evaluation was made of a small personal series of patients undergoing mitral valve repair in order to address four contemporary questions: (i) What is the best method of achieving a stable repair in mitral valve prolapse?; (ii) How should patients with pure annular dilatation without prolapse or antecedent ischemia be categorized?; (iii) Are valve procedures in ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) still associated with less satisfactory early and late outcomes?; and (iv) Is prophylactic amiodarone therapy safe and effective in reducing postoperative arrhythmias? " 06/15/1982 - "[Control of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in a case of mitral valve prolapse and arterial hypertension, using the combination of disopyramide and amiodarone]." 11/01/1985 - "In this study we have examined several forms of arrhythmias associated with mitral valve prolapse and discussed the antiarrhythmic therapy with quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone and propranolol. "
6.	Moricizine (Moracizine)FDA Link 04/01/1986 - "In 17 patients with mitral valve prolapse who presented with symptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias and who were unresponsive to an average of the three conventional agents, moricizine (Ethmozine) was effective in suppressing 90 percent of ventricular premature depolarizations, 99 percent of nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, as well as all sustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, resulting in abolition of palpitations, dizziness, and syncopal episodes. "
7.	Phenobarbital (Luminal)FDA Link 08/01/1997 - "The degree of luminal narrowing, as morphometrically measured, was significantly greater in hearts with mitral valve prolapse (p = 0.003). "
8.	Clomipramine (Anafranil)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1984 - "Thus, clomipramine appears effective in the treatment of spontaneous panic attacks with or without mitral valve prolapse." 01/01/1984 - "Clomipramine treatment for panic attacks in patients with mitral valve prolapse."
9.	magnesium orotateIBA 01/01/2005 - "According to results of clinical and instrumental investigation magnesium orotate (50 mg/day during first week and 25 mg/day thereafter) was found to be effective therapy of children with syndrome of cardiac connective tissue dysplasia (mainly with mitral valve prolapse and anomalous chordae tendineae)."
10.	Adrenergic Agents (Adrenergic Drugs)IBA 12/01/1992 - "Thus, using m-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy as marker of cardiac adrenergic supply, no evidence of altered presynaptic hyperadrenergic supply was present in patients with mitral valve prolapse. " 12/01/1992 - "Presynaptic as well as postsynaptic adrenergic regulation abnormalities are reported in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse. " 12/01/1992 - "Assessment of cardiac adrenergic supply in mitral valve prolapse using m-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy." 10/01/1983 - "Mitral valve prolapse syndrome: the effect of adrenergic stimulation." 05/01/1979 - "The combined data demonstrate autonomic dysfunction in women with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome and suggest decreased parasympathetic, increased alpha- and normal beta-adrenergic tone and responsiveness."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2019 - "We sought to compare conventional surgery to MitraClip therapy in patients with severe degenerative mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and previous cardiac interventions. " 11/01/2012 - "Comparison of need for operative therapy in patients with mitral valve prolapse involving both leaflets versus posterior leaflet only." 09/01/2012 - "The prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in pediatric patients with mitral valve prolapse syndrome and the effect of mg therapy." 11/01/2005 - "Echocardiograms assessed: the presence of mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter, mitral and aortic valves regurgitation, and aortic enlargement during beta-blocker therapy. " 06/01/1986 - "Mitral valve prolapse: recent advances in diagnosis and therapy."
2.	Catheter Ablation 06/01/2021 - "Prior studies reporting efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation for complex ventricular ectopy in mitral valve prolapse (MVP) are limited by selective inclusion of bileaflet MVP, papillary muscle only ablation, or short-term follow-up. " 01/01/2023 - "Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: Should We Be MAD? " 12/01/2021 - "The Outcome of Ventricular Arrhythmias Associated With Mitral Valve Prolapse After Catheter Ablation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." 01/01/2019 - "From mitral valve prolapse to catheter ablation." 01/01/2019 - "Papillary muscle ventricular arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse: Electrophysiologic substrate and catheter ablation outcomes."
3.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 11/01/1998 - "Mitral valve prolapse is usually benign but in some cases necessitates antibiotic prophylaxis for delivery. " 05/01/1998 - "Impact of echocardiography on antibiotic prophylaxis with suspected mitral valve prolapse." 04/01/1997 - "To determine the impact of echocardiography on the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with suspected mitral valve prolapse (MVP). " 04/01/1997 - "The clinical impact of echocardiography on antibiotic prophylaxis use in patients with suspected mitral valve prolapse." 01/24/1994 - "Myth 8: All patients with mitral valve prolapse should routinely receive antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. "
4.	Tourniquets 08/01/1981 - "In this study, simultaneous phonocardiograms and echocardiograms were recorded in 16 patients with late systolic mitral valve prolapse before and after the inflation of congesting cuffs (tourniquets) on the upper and lower extremities. "
5.	Traction 12/01/2021 - "ESBE has been previously described as late systolic bileaflet mitral valve prolapse, papillary traction, and concomitant late systolic outward movement of the basal inferior myocardium. " 01/01/2019 - "Possible mechanism of late systolic mitral valve prolapse: systolic superior shift of leaflets secondary to annular dilatation that causes papillary muscle traction." 07/15/2010 - "Abnormal traction and excursion of the papillary muscle (PM) can be observed in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and can adversely affect the electrophysiologic stability of the underlying myocardium. " 03/15/1997 - "Papillary muscle traction in mitral valve prolapse--the hen or egg?" 03/01/1992 - "Papillary muscle traction in mitral valve prolapse: quantitation by two-dimensional echocardiography."