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Migraine Disorders (Migraine)

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A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

Also Known As:

Migraine; Migraines; Migraine Headache; Migraine Headaches; Headaches, Migraine; Headache, Migraine; Status Migrainosus; Abdominal Migraine; Cervical Migraine Syndrome; Hemicrania Migraine; Migraine Variant; Sick Headache; Abdominal Migraines; Acute Confusional Migraines; Cervical Migraine Syndromes; Disorder, Migraine; Disorders, Migraine; Headache, Sick; Headaches, Sick; Hemicrania Migraines; Migraine Disorder; Migraine Syndrome, Cervical; Migraine Syndromes, Cervical; Migraine Variants; Migraine, Abdominal; Migraine, Acute Confusional; Migraine, Hemicrania; Migraines, Abdominal; Migraines, Acute Confusional; Migraines, Hemicrania; Sick Headaches; Variant, Migraine; Variants, Migraine; Acute Confusional Migraine

Networked: 9777 relevant articles (1534 outcomes, 2294 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 6158
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 1649
  - Brain Diseases: 2114
    - Headache Disorders: 626
      - Primary Headache Disorders: 158
        Migraine Disorders: 9777
        Migraine with Aura: 658
        Migraine without Aura: 381
        familial type 1 Hemiplegic migraine

Related Diseases

1.	Headache (Headaches)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
4.	Epilepsy (Aura)
5.	Tension-Type Headache (Tension Headache)

Experts

1.	Goadsby, Peter J: 81 articles (10/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Silberstein, Stephen D: 72 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Lipton, Richard B: 71 articles (11/2015 - 07/2002)
4.	Olesen, Jes: 65 articles (12/2015 - 05/2002)
5.	Goadsby, P J: 54 articles (12/2015 - 01/2000)
6.	Diener, Hans-Christoph: 53 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Ferrari, Michel D: 52 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Tepper, Stewart J: 51 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Bigal, Marcelo E: 50 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
10.	Dodick, David W: 50 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Migraine Disorders:

1.	Sumatriptan (Imigran)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2003 - "The goal of this study was to determine whether migraine management is improved by providing 3 formulations of sumatriptan succinate to patients, together with education to assist them in selecting the most appropriate formulation for specific attacks. " 01/01/2014 - "Information about the relative efficacy of the different routes of administration for different outcomes should help to inform decisions about the suitability of sumatriptan as a migraine treatment, as well as about the most appropriate way to administer the treatment for individual patients." 05/01/2007 - "The 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan is highly effective in the treatment of migraine. " 04/22/1999 - "Sumatriptan is a highly effective treatment for migraine in adults but its efficacy in children has not been determined. " 02/01/1997 - "Sumatriptan has been shown to be most effective in migraine attacks, but with transient, slight side effects and high rebound attack rates. "
2.	topiramate (Topamax)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Topiramate is highly effective in migraine prophylaxis but clinicians using the drug need to be aware of the potential for bothersome or serious adverse events. " 01/01/2013 - "Triptan was effective for a migraine headache, but it was ineffective for attacks of SUNA, while topiramate dramatically reduced the SUNA attacks. " 02/01/2010 - "Topiramate is a highly effective drug in migraine prophylaxis and is considered a first-line treatment. " 09/15/2008 - "Topiramate has been shown to be highly effective for preventive treatment of migraine and its use has been significantly increased in the last few years. " 01/01/2013 - "More studies designed specifically to compare the efficacy or safety of topiramate versus other interventions with proven efficacy in the prophylaxis of migraine are needed."
3.	Tryptamines (Triptans)IBA 08/01/2013 - "Triptans represent the best treatment option for most migraine attacks, although this is not as well studied as it might be in controlled trials. " 10/01/2007 - "The efficacy of triptans for acute migraine has been well established in clinical trials but not in primary care, where they are most commonly prescribed. " 05/01/2015 - "Triptans represent the most specific and effective treatment for migraine attacks. " 02/01/2014 - "Triptans are the first-line treatment in acute attacks and the most effective drugs in various types of migraine. " 09/01/2007 - "Triptans seem to be safe and effective treatment for most hemiplegic migraine patients."
4.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 04/01/2012 - "The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor family mediates the effects of several drugs highly effective in migraine primarily by activating 5-HT(1B) , 5-HT(1D) , and 5-HT(1F) receptors. " 04/01/2012 - "The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor family mediates the effects of several drugs highly effective in migraine primarily by activating 5-HT(1B) , 5-HT(1D) , and 5-HT(1F) receptors. " 05/01/1988 - "The recent pharmacological classification of serotonin (5HT) receptors indicates that agonists of a subset of the 5HT1 receptor and antagonists of 5HT2 receptors are most likely to be helpful in the treatment of migraine." 10/01/1981 - "The study has shown that partial depletion of thrombocyte 5-HT by a 5-HT uptake inhibitor does not lead to a marked improvement in all patients contrary to what might be expected from the 5-HT hypothesis of migraine. " 03/01/1975 - "Available evidence indicates that serotonin located within platelets--or lack of it--does not precipitate migraine attacks, and that intravenously administered serotonin is beneficial in migraine. "
5.	Valproic Acid (Valproate, Semisodium)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2008 - "Intravenous valproic acid has not been proven effective for acute migraine treatment. " 06/11/2002 - "The mean reductions in 4-week migraine headache rate were 1.2 (from a baseline mean of 4.4) in the extended-release divalproex sodium group and 0.6 (from a baseline mean of 4.2) in the placebo group (p = 0.006); reductions with extended-release divalproex sodium were significantly greater than with placebo in all three 4-week segments of the treatment period. " 11/01/2001 - "Although the results were not statistically significant (P =.3635), intravenous valproate appears to offer a safe, effective, and well-tolerated treatment for patients with acute migraine. " 09/01/2001 - "Valproic acid is effective in migraine prophylaxis at low serum levels: a prospective open-label study." 10/01/2000 - "Numerous studies have shown oral valproate therapy to be effective in preventing migraine. "
6.	zolmitriptan (Zomig)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "Previous studies have demonstrated that orally administered formulations of zolmitriptan are rapidly and highly effective in the acute treatment of migraine. " 11/01/1997 - "Previous studies demonstrated that zolmitriptan at doses of 1 to 25 mg was highly effective in treating acute migraine attacks. " 01/01/2005 - "Oral zolmitriptan is highly effective in the acute treatment of migraine. " 01/01/2001 - "A stratified-care treatment strategy (including zolmitriptan as the representative of high-end therapy) is a highly cost-effective method of managing migraine in the primary care setting compared with stepped care, delivering improved clinical outcomes at no additional cost." 01/01/1999 - "In conclusion, 2.5 mg and 5 mg zolmitriptan are highly effective in treating both persistent and recurrent migraine headache."
7.	rizatriptan (Maxalt)FDA Link 01/01/2009 - "Rizatriptan is a 5HT (IB/ID) agonist with proven efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine headache. " 07/01/2005 - "Two-thirds of patients described the efficacy of oral rizatriptan as excellent or very good (62%), and 89% preferred it over their usual medications for acute treatment of migraine attacks. " 10/01/2002 - "Rizatriptan 10-mg wafers were equally effective in the treatment of menstrual and nonmenstrual migraine attacks occurring over 6 months, regardless of the precise definition of menstrual association used and even when the outcome criteria were very stringent. " 07/01/2005 - "For this employed population of patients with migraine, treatment with rizatriptan significantly improved parameters measuring direct medical costs, work and productivity, and health-related quality of life. " 03/01/2004 - "As a result of its superior efficacy profile and generally good tolerability, rizatriptan can be considered as a first-line treatment for acute migraine."
8.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1990 - "Propranolol at a dosage of 2 mg/kg per day taken divided into three has shown to be the most beneficial in the prevention of migraine headaches. " 06/15/2011 - "The prophylactic effect of propranolol treatment on symptomatic migraine was demonstrated on the HI, which significantly improved (p<0.05). " 01/01/2004 - "Although many trials have relevant methodological shortcomings, there is clear evidence that propranolol is more effective than placebo in the short-term interval treatment of migraine. " 01/01/2004 - "We aimed to determine whether there is evidence that propranolol is more effective than placebo and as effective as other drugs for the interval (prophylactic) treatment of patients with migraine. " 10/01/2009 - "Many clinical trials have confirmed that propranolol is effective in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. "
9.	almotriptan (Axert)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "Trials assessing the efficacy of almotriptan over multiple attacks show that this agent is associated with a consistent and persistent response, not differing from the first to the last attack, an important property for a medication used to treat a chronic condition such as migraine. " 03/01/2010 - "Thus, the excellent efficacy and tolerability profile of almotriptan administered early in a migraine attack indicate that it may be a first-line treatment option in this common, underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder." 10/01/2007 - "Almotriptan should, therefore, not only be considered as first-line therapy for acute migraine but should also be considered for patients who are not satisfied with or not receiving optimal relief from their current acute therapy." 01/01/2002 - "Almotriptan was effective in animal models predictive of anti-migraine activity in humans and had a good safety profile in animal studies. " 02/01/2014 - "Few studies have been published to demonstrate tolerability and efficacy of almotriptan in adolescents and children with migraine, particularly in the first years of life, though preliminary results are favorable. "
10.	Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptors (Calcitonin-Gene Related Peptide Receptor)IBA 03/26/2010 - "Multiple lines of evidence have implicated CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine headache making the CGRP receptor an attractive target for development of small-molecule antagonists as a novel treatment for this debilitating condition. " 04/01/2005 - "Recent evidence that a CGRP receptor antagonist was effective in the treatment of migraine attack supports the hypothesis that neurogenic vasodilatation is a major underlying mechanism of migraine." 09/01/2015 - "Furthermore, CGRP receptor antagonists may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of TMD, as they do with migraine. " 05/01/2014 - "Several CGRP receptor antagonists (CGRP-RAs) were shown to be effective for the acute treatment of migraine, validating the target for the treatment of migraine. " 08/01/2013 - "CGRP receptor antagonists have been developed as novel antimigraine drugs and found to be effective in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 06/01/2005 - "PT is most effective for the treatment of migraine when combined with other treatments such as thermal biofeedback, relaxation training, and exercise. " 05/01/2005 - "Physical therapy is most effective for the treatment of migraine when combined with other treatments such as thermal biofeedback, relaxation training and exercise. " 05/01/1994 - "Rational-emotive therapy (RET) may prove beneficial as a complementary treatment to medication and biofeedback in the management of chronic migraine headache. " 04/01/1990 - "Biofeedback training for self-regulation of blood-volume pulse ("BVP") amplitude of the temporal arteries has been used previously with good results in treatment of migraine headaches. " 07/01/2015 - "The considerable evidence base addressing behavioral interventions amassed since 1969 has conclusively established the efficacy of therapies featuring combinations of relaxation, biofeedback, and stress management training, and demonstrated they are capable of yielding benefits on par with pharmacological therapies for migraine. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1998 - "Although abortive treatment and nonpharmacologic interventions are effective for many if not most patients' occasional migraine attacks, patients who have frequent and/or severe attacks may benefit from preventive pharmacotherapy. " 01/01/2015 - "Among patients without pharmacotherapy at the follow-up, patients with active migraine had significantly greater severities of anxiety and somatic symptoms as compared with patients without migraine; moreover, patients with active migraine had the lowest improvement percentage and full remission rate. " 06/01/2002 - "These results suggest that a combination of pharmacologic and behavioral treatment is more effective than drug therapy alone in the long-term management of transformed migraine with analgesic overuse. " 02/01/1999 - "Even though the pathophysiology of migraine remains unknown, self-regulation techniques appear to be more effective in prevention of childhood migraine than conventional pharmacotherapy which is often associated with adverse effects. " 05/01/2014 - "Classic acupuncture and YNSA are similarly effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of migraine headache and may be considered as alternatives to pharmacotherapy."
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2014 - "Patients showed a significant reduction of the migraine attack frequency, the iCNV-amplitude and the processing time for TMT-A and TMT-B after treatment. " 05/01/2003 - "The breath-holding index improved significantly after treatment (P<.001), and the baseline difference in the breath-holding index between the pretreatment migraine group and the control group was no longer evident at 3 months. " 09/01/1999 - "These results suggest that after treatment, disturbances in thinking, sentiment, and behavior were eliminated, and anxiety symptoms remarkably reduced, but some "migraine personality" characteristics remained and could influence the long-term results of treatment to some extent. " 10/15/2015 - "The mean±SD intensity of migraine decreased significantly from 6.3±1.5 at baseline to 5.5±1.9 after treatment (P=0.005). " 07/01/2015 - "To assess the Quality of life (QoL) we used visual analogue scale and for the first time, the migraine disability score before and after treatment. "
4.	Injections 05/01/2015 - "ONABoNT-A injections were started at 155 units intramuscularly every 12 weeks for her migraine headaches, which also dramatically improved her CVS. " 09/01/2007 - "In this exploratory study of episodic migraine patients, low-dose injections of BoNTA into the frontal, temporal, and/or glabellar muscle regions were not more effective than placebo. " 10/01/2006 - "This study explores the effects of multiple injections of low BoNTA doses into fixed sites for episodic migraine." 10/01/2006 - "In these exploratory studies of episodic migraine patients, repeated injections of low doses of BoNTA into fixed frontal, temporal, and glabellar sites were not more effective than placebo. " 09/01/2006 - "In clinical trials, prevention of migraine attacks for 3 months or more has been seen in some patients following BT-A scalp injections. "
5.	Acupuncture Points (Acupuncture Point) 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of BoNTA for migraines in the acupoint-site group (93% improvement) was more significant than that in the fixed-site group (85% improvement) (p < 0.01). " 03/01/2006 - "Point-through-point acupuncture can be used for treatment of migraine, with a high cured rate and obvious therapeutic effect." 10/01/2013 - "Acupoint-sites BTX-A administration shows more efficacy for migraine than fixed-sites application." 01/01/2008 - "The result of this trial (which will be available in 2009) will demonstrate the efficacy of using acupuncture to treat migraine, and verify whether the specific effect of acupoints exists and whether this specific effect of acupoints is related to meridian and a collection of meridian Qi. " 11/01/2013 - "This is a prospective interventional study using set point acupuncture for migraines. "