Premature Menopause

The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.

Also Known As:

Networked: 194 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 8 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infertility (Sterility)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
4.	Osteoporosis
5.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism)

Experts

1.	van Leeuwen, Flora E: 2 articles (12/2015 - 01/2008)
2.	Aleman, Berthe M P: 2 articles (12/2015 - 01/2008)
3.	Coleman, Robert E: 2 articles (06/2013 - 01/2008)
4.	Check, J H: 2 articles (01/2013 - 01/2008)
5.	Mourits, Marian J E: 2 articles (11/2012 - 11/2008)
6.	Hadji, P: 2 articles (10/2012 - 12/2007)
7.	Ganz, Patricia A: 2 articles (03/2012 - 12/2005)
8.	Takahashi, Shunji: 2 articles (08/2011 - 03/2011)
9.	Reid, David M: 2 articles (09/2009 - 01/2008)
10.	De Bruin, Marie L: 2 articles (01/2009 - 01/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Premature Menopause:

1.	AntibodiesIBA 03/01/1989 - "The authors analyzed the peripheral blood of 23 women with the diagnosis of premature menopause to detect the presence of monoclonal antibody-defined T-lymphocyte abnormalities and/or antiovarian antibodies. " 03/01/1989 - "Premature menopause: monoclonal antibody defined T lymphocyte abnormalities and antiovarian antibodies." 06/01/1979 - "We recently published evidence of the presence of circulating antibodies in the sera of patients who had the diagnosis of premature menopause syndrome. " 03/15/1979 - "This suggests that the etiology of premature menopause may be mediated by circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue." 03/15/1979 - "The binding of antibodies increased in the sera of patients with the premature menopause syndrome, compared with the control sera. "
2.	Cardiolipins (Cardiolipin)IBA 03/01/1999 - "Organ-specific antibodies (ovary and thyroid) were present with significantly greater frequency than non-organ-specific antibodies (nuclear and cardiolipin) in premature menopause and unexplained infertility (60% (50/83) vs 16% (13/83) respectively; P < 0.0001). " 03/01/1999 - "The objective of this study was to: (1) assess the relative prevalence of ovarian, thyroid, nuclear, and cardiolipin antibodies associated with premature menopause and unexplained infertility and (2) compare ovarian and thyroid antibodies in premature menopause, unexplained infertility, and the general population. "
3.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "Since then, high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide has been shown to have no impact on survival, to be less effective in black patients and to have many side-effects, particularly an unacceptable risk of premature menopause. " 03/01/2014 - "Most oncologists reported awareness of premature menopause (71%) and secondary malignancies (62%) as LEs of cyclophosphamide, compared with only 15% and 17% of PCPs, respectively. " 04/01/1996 - "Incidence of ovarian failure in the premenopausal cyclophosphamide treated group was 54% and the incidence of premature menopause (occurring before age 40 years) was 41%. " 01/01/2013 - "While cyclophosphamide (CYC) can save the life of a young woman with severe rheumatologic disease, it may lead to the long-term side-effects of infertility and premature menopause. " 01/01/2003 - "Hypertension was associated with renal, cardiac and atherosclerotic damage, as cyclophosphamide pulses were with premature menopause. "
4.	Alkylating AgentsIBA 01/01/2008 - "As long as alkylating agents will be used for curing HL, premature menopause will remain a frequent adverse treatment effect, with various clinical implications." 07/05/2006 - "For survivors who were treated with alkylating agents plus abdominopelvic radiation, the cumulative incidence of nonsurgical premature menopause approached 30%. " 02/01/2013 - "Participants to this study have been treated for cancer from 1945 to 1985 and one can expect an increase in premature menopause incidence with more recent protocols using high-dose alkylating agents. " 07/05/2006 - "A multiple Poisson regression model showed that risk factors for nonsurgical premature menopause included attained age, exposure to increasing doses of radiation to the ovaries, increasing alkylating agent score (based on number of alkylating agents and cumulative dose), and a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. " 11/10/2010 - "However total-body irradiation, radiation to the gonads, and chemotherapy regimens containing high-dose alkylators can place women at risk for acute ovarian failure or premature menopause and men at risk for temporary or permanent azoospermia. "
5.	Pituitary GonadotropinsIBA 03/01/1975 - "[Premature menopause: radioimmunological determination of pituitary gonadotropins and cytogenetic study in 28 clinical cases]."
6.	Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)IBA 09/04/2004 - "Parkinsonism, premature menopause, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma mutations: clinical and molecular genetic study."
7.	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2011 - "The objective of the present study is to study the biochemical and the histological changes in the skeletal muscle of premature menopause-induced rats and the possible protective role of L-carnitine. "
8.	HormonesIBA 12/01/2014 - "To determine whether premature menopause (≤40 years) can have long-lasting effects on later-life cognition and investigate whether this association varies depending on the type of menopause and use of hormone treatment (HT). " 05/01/2011 - "[Diagnosis of premature menopause measuring circulating anti-Müllerian hormone]." 07/01/2007 - "Further research on fertility protection and the safety of long-term hormone therapy after premature menopause is needed." 12/19/2005 - "The risks and benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) in women with premature menopause have not been studied. " 01/01/1993 - "According to their hormonal profile, these women were classified as hypothalamo-pituitary amenorrhoea (n = 4), premature menopause (n = 2), ovarian dystrophy (n = 1) and normal hormone levels (n = 12). "
9.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 01/01/2013 - "The fact that this woman could respond consistently to hMG 20 years after the diagnosis of premature menopause, it is clear that initially the etiology of the extremely high LH and FSH levels in an estrogen-deficient 18-year-old was the presence of gonadotropinoma secreting inert LH and FSH. " 10/01/2012 - "Some of these therapies can induce premature menopause or are specifically designed to suppress ovarian function and reduce circulating estrogen levels. " 08/20/2009 - "Also if premature menopause could be predicted in young women, strategies could be instigated to reduce the long term health risks of early estrogen deficiency. " 08/01/2005 - "However, due to either their treatment or prolonged survival, many of these women now have to face the consequences of premature menopause and prolonged estrogen deprivation. " 02/01/2003 - "Women with CRF are also at high risk of accelerated bone loss and fracture because of complications such as renal osteodystrophy and many endocrine disturbances leading to premature menopause and estrogen deficiency. "
10.	GonadotropinsIBA 12/01/1999 - "Its clinical presentation is attributed to either an ovarian resistance to gonadotropins or to a true premature menopause. " 07/01/1992 - "In six cases of idiopathic premature menopause and three more with gonadotropin-resistant ovary, the chromatographic profile showed a marked and remarkable molecular heterogeneity, particularly LH, and this was more apparent in women with resistant ovary. " 01/01/1979 - "Lack of gonadal response, both in vivo and in vitro, to stimulation suggests a possible alteration in ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropins as a possible cause of premature menopause." 05/01/2011 - "The condition, also known as premature menopause or premature ovarian failure, is defined by the presence of menopausal-level serum gonadotropins in association with irregular menses in adolescent girls or women younger than 40 years. " 03/01/2006 - "After more than 4 years of premature menopause judged by subjective symptoms, bleeding history, and postmenopausal levels of gonadotropins, a woman conceived spontaneously 2 months after the start of hormone replacement treatment (HRT). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2015 - "Cytotoxic chemotherapies, radiation, and hormonal therapies can lead to premature menopause and decrease bone mineral density. " 01/01/2013 - "In addition, our results demonstrated that age and chemotherapy doses made no significant difference in the occurrence of premature menopause. " 11/01/2012 - "The main side-effects, such as vasomotor symptoms and impaired sexual functioning, are related to premature menopause due to chemotherapy and/or anti-hormonal therapy. " 12/01/2009 - "In women, this includes the use of endocrine therapies and chemotherapy-related premature menopause. " 11/01/2008 - "HRQoL mostly is severely influenced by chemotherapy and part of these symptoms may be lasting, especially when associated with the induction of premature menopause. "
2.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2008 - "The influence of chemo- and radiotherapy on ovary function, the causes of premature menopause, actual possibilities of diagnosis and fertility preservation are presented." 08/01/2012 - "Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can result in ovarian failure and premature menopause. " 01/01/2008 - "Chemotherapy was associated with a 12.3-fold increased risk of premature menopause compared with radiotherapy alone. " 03/01/2003 - "They were divided in 5 groups: 74 regular menopause, 31 surgical menopause and oophorectomy unilateral, 43 surgical menopause and bilateral oophorectomy, 32 premature menopause, and 4 post-radiotherapy menopause, analyzing the bone mass with a densitometry. " 05/01/2002 - "The incidence of spontaneous premature menopause is approximately 1% of women under 40 years with an increase up to 8-10% when menopause is the consequence of gynaecological surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. "
3.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 12/01/2015 - "Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and its subsequent premature menopause affect (menopause specific) quality of life most. " 01/01/2013 - "Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is advised for women with BRCA mutations, but there are adverse consequences of premature menopause. " 12/19/2005 - "Bilateral oophorectomy and premature menopause." 01/01/1979 - "[Premature menopause after unilateral ovariectomy]." 12/01/2015 - "Risk-reducing-salpingectomy and Delayed-Oophorectomy (RRSDO) is being proposed as a two-staged approach in place of RRSO to reduce the risks associated with premature menopause in high-risk women. "
4.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 09/01/2014 - "The risk of premature menopause and the potential need of hormone replacement therapy among these women may be overlooked since they no longer menstruate. " 06/01/2014 - "It provides further incentive for compliance with hormone replacement therapy for patients with CAIS following gonadectomy, or other women with premature menopause. " 01/01/2013 - "Hormone replacement therapy is beneficial to adverse consequences of premature menopause. " 06/01/2011 - "Management of menopausal symptoms, including treatment-induced premature menopause, is a key issue for many survivors, and can be challenging to manage as conventional hormone replacement therapy is contraindicated in most of these women. " 05/24/2008 - "Premature menopause: Hormone replacement therapy is indeed indicated."
5.	Adjuvant Chemotherapy 12/01/2003 - "The implications of possible fertility impairment and premature menopause require consideration when discussing adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. " 07/01/2007 - "The likelihood of premature menopause has not been thoroughly explored in women who remain premenopausal after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. " 12/19/2005 - "In addition, adjuvant chemotherapy often induces premature menopause in younger patients with breast cancer. " 12/01/2005 - "Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer can be associated with a variety of side effects, one of which is the induction of premature menopause in premenopausal patient. " 02/01/2005 - "Counseling about premature menopause and fertility changes is an overlooked aspect of preparation for adjuvant chemotherapy in young premenopausal women with breast cancer. "