Viral Meningitis

Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)

Also Known As:

Networked: 239 relevant articles (10 outcomes, 16 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Bacterial Meningitis
2.	Meningeal Tuberculosis (Tuberculous Meningitis)
3.	Aseptic Meningitis
4.	Fever (Fevers)
5.	Central Nervous System Infections (Central Nervous System Infection)

Experts

1.	Pfister, Hans-Walter: 3 articles (11/2010 - 04/2003)
2.	Hoen, B: 3 articles (07/2009 - 06/2000)
3.	Chen, Chiung-Mei: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
4.	Kuo, Hung-Chou: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
5.	Ro, Long-Sun: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
6.	Wu, Yih-Ru: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
7.	Chang, Hong-Shiu: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
8.	Hsu, Wen-Chuin: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
9.	Lyu, Rong-Kuo: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)
10.	Tseng, Mu-Yun: 2 articles (07/2009 - 05/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Viral Meningitis:

1.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 11/12/1977 - "Patients with viral meningitis usually have normal CSF glucose levels, and, during a recent study, false-positive results of 82Br partition tests were not found. " 12/01/1996 - "CSF glucose levels were lower in bacterial than in viral meningitis (p = 0.014) and in neurological controls (p = 0.05). " 02/15/1992 - "A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, low serum glucose and elevated protein values were common findings in the CSF and the features in some patients mimicked tuberculous or viral meningitis. " 09/01/1986 - "It was a more sensitive and selective test for differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis on initial CSF examination than was the CSF leucocyte count, glucose concentration or protein concentration. " 03/01/1985 - "Early on, the CSF in patients with viral meningitis frequently contains a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and may even have a low glucose level. "
2.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 12/01/2012 - "The measurement of IL-6 in the CSF and serum in potentially a very useful diagnostic tool for differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis." 12/01/2012 - "Determination of some inflammatory mediators' example IL-6 and HS-CRP were useful in differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis. " 06/01/2007 - "In the blood, although some differences were significant, there was overlapping between all values of the measured markers in patient blood samples excluding IL-6, for which levels were significantly different between the bacterial and viral meningitis. " 10/01/2003 - "In addition, only interleukin-6 levels correlated with leukocyte counts in viral meningitis patients. " 01/01/1999 - "CSF IL-6 levels were 6 times greater in patients with purulent bacterial versus viral meningitis. "
3.	C-Reactive ProteinIBA 01/01/1993 - "The ability of serum C-reactive protein (S-CRP) to differentiate between acute bacterial and viral meningitis was evaluated in 235 patients, both children and adults. " 12/22/1984 - "C-reactive protein in case of consecutive bacterial and viral meningitis." 07/01/1984 - "Value of C reactive protein measurement in tuberculous, bacterial, and viral meningitis." 06/01/1999 - "To clarify to what extent Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis can be distinguished from viral meningitis by assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood indices and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in children over 3 months of age. " 06/01/1999 - "C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children."
4.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 09/01/2003 - "The B cell repertoire of viral meningitis CSF was predominantly polyclonal, whereas B cell clonal expansion was a prominent feature of the IgG repertoire in three of four MS patients. " 01/01/1989 - "None of the CSF of normal controls, bacterial and viral meningitis cases gave positive antimycobacteria IgG by ELISA while 9.5% of the CSF of bacterial and 14.3% of aseptic meningitis cases gave positive results with IF. " 01/01/1995 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of de novo synthesized IgG during 24 hours in the liquor of patients of different ages suffering from acute viral meningitis and meningoencephalitis and to establish correlations between the dysfunction of blood-brain barrier and de novo IgG synthesis. " 01/01/2016 - "A total of 150 cerebrospinal fluid samples were analysed by an electrochemiluminescence method, selected according to patient diagnosis: (a) bacterial meningitis confirmed by positive culture (n = 26); (b) bacterial meningitis with negative culture or not performed (n = 15); (c) viral meningitis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction or immunoglobulin G determination (n = 23); (d) viral meningitis with polymerase chain reaction negative or not performed (n = 42); and (e) controls (n = 44). " 01/01/1995 - "[Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G in patients of various ages with acute viral meningitis and meningoencephalitis]."
5.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 09/01/1990 - "[Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins during acute viral meningitis with high cerebrospinal fluid protein levels]." 05/06/1982 - "[Immunoglobulins in bacterial and viral meningitis. " 11/01/1979 - "[Immunoglobulins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children with bacterial and viral meningitis]." 12/01/1979 - "The mean levels of all CSF immunoglobulins were raised in acute bacterial meningitis and were significantly greater than the levels found in viral meningitis. " 12/01/1979 - "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins were measured in 62 normal children, in 9 children with purulent meningitis, and in 10 children with presumptive viral meningitis. "
6.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 06/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to validate a diagnosis model that provides pABM, the probability of bacterial versus viral meningitis, based on four parameters collected at the time of first lumbar tap: cerebrospinal fluid protein level, cerebrospinal fluid polymorphonuclear cell count, blood glucose level, and leucocyte count. " 04/01/1995 - "A previously reported statistical model based on a combination of four parameters (total polymorphonuclear cell count in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF/blood glucose ratio, age and month of onset) appeared effective in differentiating acute viral meningitis (AVM) from acute bacterial meningitis (ABM). " 03/01/1985 - "A CSF glucose level lower than 50 per cent of a simultaneously drawn blood glucose determination is not uncommon in patients with viral meningitis due to mumps, LCM, and herpes simplex. " 10/01/2015 - "CSF parameters were significantly different in bacterial vs. viral meningitis, respectively (p < 0.001 for all comparisons): white cell count (median 1333 vs. 143/mm(3)), proteins (median 4115 vs. 829 mg/l), CSF/blood glucose ratio (median 0.1 vs. 0.52), lactate (median 13 vs. 2.3 mmol/l). "
7.	Lactic AcidFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2015 - "CSF lactate had the best accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral meningitis and should be included in the initial diagnostic workup of this condition." 10/01/2015 - "ROC curve analysis showed that CSF lactate had the highest accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral meningitis, with a cutoff set at 3.5 mmol/l providing 100% sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and efficiency. " 08/01/2009 - "CSF lactate level was significantly high in bacterial than viral meningitis and it can provide pertinent, rapid and reliable diagnostic information. " 08/01/2009 - "CSF lactate level: a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate acute bacterial and viral meningitis." 08/01/2006 - "Distinguishing bacterial from viral meningitis: the critical importance of the CSF lactic acid levels."
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 10/01/2015 - "CSF parameters were significantly different in bacterial vs. viral meningitis, respectively (p < 0.001 for all comparisons): white cell count (median 1333 vs. 143/mm(3)), proteins (median 4115 vs. 829 mg/l), CSF/blood glucose ratio (median 0.1 vs. 0.52), lactate (median 13 vs. 2.3 mmol/l). " 12/01/1978 - "These data suggest that permanent cerebral lesions as a consequence of shortlasting seizures and viral meningitis would be very unlikely and that a transient dysfunction of metabolism does not liberate copper- and zinc-metallo-proteins in CSF. " 01/01/1995 - "In order to differentiate bacterial meningitis versus viral meningitis, we have comparatively tested the efficacy of the following tests: C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), fever, level of glucose in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), glucose in CSF/glycemia ratio, number of white blood cells in peripheric blood, percentage of neutrophils in peripheric blood, level of proteins in CSF and number of nucleated cells in CSF for a group of 49 patients, both children and adults with central nervous system infection (37 patients with bacterial meningitis and 12 with viral meningitis) hospitalised between May 1993 and July 1994 in Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Iaşi. "
9.	Free RadicalsIBA 01/01/2008 - "IL-6 and free radicals of CSF are helpful for diagnosis and treatment of viral meningitis at an early stage." 01/01/2008 - "For a better understanding of the role of the viral load, free radicals, and cytokines in viral meningitis, we surveyed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients below 1 year of age who showed positive for enterovirus. "
10.	bipiperidyl mustard (BPM)IBA 01/01/2008 - "The test for lactate concentration in the blood and CSF and their correlation (CSF/blood coefficient) is effective in differential diagnosis between BPM, serous viral meningitis, non-inflammatory lesions of CNS, for assessment of treatment efficacy, prognosis of the disease outcome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Nursing Care 04/05/1974 - "Nursing care study: Monika: a patient with viral meningitis."
2.	Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt 03/01/2000 - "Other causes included migraine (18%), viral meningitis (9%), posterior fossa tumors (2.6%), ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction (2%), epileptic seizure (postictal headache) (1.3%), concussion (postconcussive headache) (1. 3%), intracranial hemorrhage (1.3%), and undetermined (7%). "
3.	Length of Stay 02/01/2012 - "We report on the first outbreak of viral meningitis in Tropical Queensland and the effect of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on antibiotic use and hospital length of stay. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 10/01/2015 - "Given the different approaches of drug therapy in bacterial and viral meningitis, use of molecular methods is necessary in hospitals to rapidly discriminate between them."
5.	Day Care (Partial Hospitalization) 05/01/1999 - "Because child care centers can be a source of enteroviral infections among adult household members, adults with viral meningitis should be questioned about their children's day care or preschool attendance. "