Melanins (Melanin)

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

Also Known As:

Networked: 3181 relevant articles (68 outcomes, 257 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Casadevall, Arturo: 21 articles (04/2013 - 09/2002)
2.	Nosanchuk, Joshua D: 17 articles (01/2013 - 09/2002)
3.	Chung, Hae Young: 16 articles (04/2015 - 01/2004)
4.	Wakamatsu, Kazumasa: 16 articles (02/2015 - 08/2003)
5.	Chezal, Jean-Michel: 14 articles (08/2015 - 08/2008)
6.	Dadachova, Ekaterina: 13 articles (10/2015 - 10/2004)
7.	Hearing, Vincent J: 13 articles (05/2015 - 06/2002)
8.	Miot-Noirault, Elisabeth: 13 articles (03/2015 - 07/2005)
9.	Ito, Shosuke: 13 articles (04/2014 - 08/2003)
10.	Akihisa, Toshihiro: 13 articles (03/2014 - 09/2006)

Related Diseases

1.	Melanoma (Melanoma, Malignant) 09/01/2012 - "Our promising results provide further preclinical data, reinforcing the excellent potential of [(18)F]ICF01006 PET imaging for early specific diagnosis and follow-up of melanin-positive disseminated melanoma." 10/01/2010 - "This study supports the use of melanin targeting with (131)I-labelled iodoquinoxaline for effective treatment of melanoma." 07/01/2013 - "Fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be effective in revealing the biochemical composition of tissue; early detection of malignant melanoma was reliable only with stepwise two-photon excitation of melanin, while tumoral margin assessment and differential diagnosis between malignant and non-malignant lesions showed some conflicting results. " 07/15/1993 - "We interpret the results as indicating that light energy absorbed in melanin is effective in inducing melanomas in this animal model and that, in natural sunlight, 90-95% of melanoma induction may be attributed to wavelengths > 320 nm--the UV-A and visible spectral regions." 04/01/2010 - "The slight decrease of incidence of vulvar melanoma in dark pigmented individuals may be related to the biochemical protective effects of melanin (as an antioxidant) rather than their photo-screen effects."
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 07/01/2008 - "(188)Re-6D2 was quickly cleared from the blood with the half-life of approximately 5 hrs and from the body--with the half-life of 10 hr. The doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mCi significantly (p < 0.05) slowed down A2058 tumor growth in nude mice, also causing release of melanin into the extracellular space which could provide additional target for repeated treatments. " 02/20/2015 - "Melanin may thus be carcinogenic as well as protective against cancer. " 08/13/2015 - "Biodistribution studies indicated that all four compounds bound to melanin containing tissue with low in vivo deiodination; [(123)I]20 and [(123)I]53 in particular displayed high and prolonged tumor uptake (13% ID/g at 48 h). " 02/26/2013 - "After ongoing extensive preclinical studies, melanin overproducing oncolytic virus strains might be used in clinical trials in patients with cancer." 08/07/2012 - "neoformans melanin biosynthesis and cellular assembly, such studies can guide future drug discovery efforts related to melanin-associated virulence, resistance to tumor therapy, and production of melanin mimetics under cell-free conditions."
3.	Hyperpigmentation 08/01/2010 - "Four weeks after the procedure, there was significant improvement in gingival melanin hyperpigmentation. " 12/01/2011 - "At 3- and 6-month follow-up, clearance of hyperpigmentation was assessed by physician global assessment, reflectance spectroscopy, melanin index, patient global assessment, patient satisfaction, and histology. " 08/01/2015 - "In this study, 40 maxillary sites from 20 patients presenting bilateral melanin gingival hyperpigmentation were selected. " 03/01/2013 - "Results from these studies indicate that a product designed to affect multiple pathways of melanogenesis and melanin distribution may provide an additional treatment option beyond HQ for hyperpigmentation." 11/01/2015 - "Gingival melanin hyperpigmentation is caused by several reasons and affects people across ethnicity, race, age, and both gender. "
4.	Erythema 08/01/2006 - "Higher erythemal 290 nm UV doses may reach basal epidermal melanin, which may then afford protection against further 290 nm UV erythema." 09/01/2015 - "Quantifying percentage changes in melanin and erythema relative to matched normal skin improved understanding of the DermaLab Combo® pigmentation and vascularity measurements. " 02/01/2013 - "Among objective biophysical measurements, improvement in hydration, melanin, erythema index and especially skin roughness was noticed. " 12/01/2014 - "This study reveals that a suitable topical formulation like microemulsion could employ the Punica granatum extract for conditions where elevated skin melanin and erythema have significantly prone skin physiology." 02/01/2014 - "Volunteers attended two study visits (summer, 2010 and winter, 2011) at which dermatologists measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, sebum secretion, fine lines/roughness, melanin/erythema, temperature, and color, and clinically graded participants' skin. "
5.	Vitiligo 03/01/2007 - "The study suggests that: (1) trichrome vitiligo skin may be an ideal in vivo model for studying the effect of skin melanin content and distribution on skin spectroscopy properties. " 03/01/1998 - "Melanin and melanosome complexes in long standing stable vitiligo--an ultrastructural study." 03/01/2015 - "A histopathological analysis for skin lesions obtained from such patients notably showed basal hypo-pigmentation, melanin incontinence, and remaining melanocytes in most patients which is not relevant in vitiligo vulgaris. " 02/01/2015 - "Our results underscore the important role of melanocytes and melanin in cochlear function, and suggest that the cochlear abnormalities in SV point to the presence of additional nonsegmental pathophysiological events underlying all forms of vitiligo." 11/01/2014 - "In agreement with our clinical experience of worsened vitiligo after PPI treatment, PPIs decreased both melanin content and TYR activity. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Monophenol Monooxygenase (Tyrosinase)
2.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
3.	Biopterin
4.	6-carboxypterin
5.	2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine
6.	Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones (MSH)
7.	Antigens
8.	alpha-MSH
9.	Iron
10.	Cysteinyldopa

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Solid-State Lasers
2.	Radiotherapy
3.	Transplants (Transplant)
4.	Radioimmunotherapy
5.	Semiconductor Lasers