Measles

A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.

Also Known As:

Networked: 5274 relevant articles (261 outcomes, 588 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Rubella (German Measles)
2.	Mumps
3.	Infection
4.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
5.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

Experts

1.	Poland, Gregory A: 56 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 52 articles (06/2015 - 02/2000)
3.	Jacobson, Robert M: 45 articles (09/2013 - 02/2002)
4.	Ovsyannikova, Inna G: 44 articles (12/2015 - 06/2002)
5.	Bellini, William J: 36 articles (09/2015 - 08/2002)
6.	Aaby, Peter: 32 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
7.	Vierkant, Robert A: 30 articles (06/2012 - 03/2002)
8.	Griffin, Diane E: 29 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
9.	Rota, Paul A: 28 articles (09/2015 - 08/2002)
10.	Moss, William J: 26 articles (12/2013 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Measles:

1.	VaccinesIBA 03/21/2001 - "Life attenuated measles vaccines have dramatically reduced measles morbidity and mortality world-wide. " 05/01/1983 - "Highly immunogenic, safe, and effective attenuated measles vaccines, stabilized to lengthen duration of potency under field conditions, are available. " 01/01/2015 - "Measles was declared eliminated in the US in 2000, because at that time, there were high coverage rates with the two-dose schedule and these vaccines have been very immunogenic. " 07/20/2012 - "For measles and canine distemper virus (CDV) safe and effective live-attenuated virus vaccines are available, but for human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus development of such vaccines has proven difficult. " 07/12/2011 - "The screening of >11,000 unique formulations resulted in the identification of liquid formulations with marked improvement over those used in commercial monovalent measles vaccines, with <1.0 log loss of activity after incubation for 8h at 40°C. "
2.	Measles VaccineIBA 11/01/1995 - "The introduction of live attenuated measles vaccine in Israel during 1967 dramatically decreased the incidence of measles. " 12/01/1992 - "Our experience has highlighted three important areas for future measles elimination: (1) the need for serological evaluation of vaccinees, particularly those who were born during the introduction of mass immunization; (2) improvement in measles vaccine efficacy; and (3) further investigations on the role of asymptomatic transmission and susceptibles who remain after mass immunization." 09/01/2011 - "The Region of the Americas eliminated measles in 2002 through high first-dose routine measles vaccine coverage and vaccination campaigns every 4-6 years; a second routine dose at school entry was added in some countries. " 01/01/2001 - "Better understanding of the mechanisms of immune suppression after measles, the potential for alternative vaccination strategies to induce immunity in young infants, and the immunologic basis of atypical measles, increased mortality after high-titer measles vaccine, and waning immunity will lead to improved strategies for measles control and elimination." 09/01/1998 - "Administration of standard-titre Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine at 6-8 months is an effective and safe preventive measure for measles, especially where the age-specific attack rate for children < 9 months is high."
3.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1993 - "These findings, along with those from three other trials in Africa, suggest that high dose vitamin A reduces the severity of complications during measles." 10/01/2012 - "The proportion of breastfeeding practices, measles vaccination coverage and vitamin A supplementation among 12-59 months old improved from 79% to 85%, 69% to 85% and 26% to 74%, respectively, which were significant. " 04/01/2010 - "We included six high-quality RCTs in the meta-analysis of vitamin A treatment of measles which found no significant reduction in measles morality. " 12/01/2002 - "At the 2-wk follow-up visit, serum retinol and the RBP/TTR ratio were significantly greater in marginally VA-deficient measles patients receiving VA supplements than in those receiving placebo; whereas in VA-sufficient measles patients, retinol increased in those receiving VA supplements or placebo. " 03/01/1996 - "These results suggest that the evidence for the efficacy of one dose of vitamin A in oil to prevent measles complications is not as strong as that previously shown for two 200,000 IU doses of water-miscible vitamin A, and that the WHO recommendation may need to be reexamined. "
4.	Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine (MMR Vaccine)IBA 03/01/2013 - "In Catalonia, autochthonous measles was declared eliminated in the year 2000 as the result of high measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) coverage for first and second dose (15 mo and 4 y) since the mid-1990s. " 07/01/1994 - "Measles vaccination coverage could be improved by initiating measles-mumps-rubella vaccine vaccination, routinely, at 12 months among high risk populations." 01/01/2012 - "Based on the available evidence, one MMR vaccine dose is at least 95% effective in preventing clinical measles and 92% effective in preventing secondary cases among household contacts.Effectiveness" 06/15/2011 - "A large observational study to concurrently assess persistence of measles specific B-cell and T-cell immunity in individuals following two doses of MMR vaccine." 12/01/1998 - "[A seroconversion study of the measles component of the MMR vaccine in adolescents of the town of Sabrosa]."
5.	AntibodiesIBA 07/01/2008 - "PA assay is simple and rapid, making it very useful for detecting measles antibodies provided that its unique features are taken into accounts." 03/01/1995 - "Vaccinated children who had no detectable HI or PN antibodies at exposure had significant protection against measles compared with seronegative unvaccinated children (HI vaccine efficacy, 49% (95% confidence interval, 21 to 68%); PN vaccine efficacy, 43% (95% confidence interval, 12 to 62%)). " 12/01/2010 - "Primary protection against measles in the first months of life is provided by transferred maternal antibodies. " 11/25/2008 - "Plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) is a gold standard assay for measles antibodies. " 01/01/1991 - "The occasional patient with persistent maternal antibodies to measles responded well to vaccination."
6.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 03/01/2012 - "Saliva test kits were sent to all cases and KS test properties were analysed against measles confirmation by PCR or IgM testing (gold standard). " 09/01/2011 - "The Microimmune measles IgM capture enzyme immunoassay was the gold standard for comparison. " 01/01/2002 - "Serological confirmation of cases suspected for measles improved too slowly (assay for IgM)--out of 107 suspected cases only 49 (47.6%) were serologically tested." 11/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of LIAISON IgM measles (DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy), a new automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), in comparison with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Enzygnost (Siemens, Marburg, Germany). " 04/01/2011 - "Of 242 suspected measles cases notified between 3rd and 48th calendar weeks of the study-year, laboratory result was IgM-positive for 46% cases, IgM-negative for 49% cases, and unknown for 5% cases. "
7.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 05/01/2005 - "A commercial assay for detection of measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) in oral fluid was evaluated in a highly vaccinated cohort using serum IgG as gold standard. " 11/01/2013 - "Sensitivity (60.2% [54.1, 66.0]) and specificity (75.7% [58.8, 88.2]) of the OF-ELISA were lower than expected, but sensitivity significantly improved for individuals with higher anti-measles IgG in serum. " 01/01/2014 - "It was found that the 200 mIU/ml of anti-measles activity measured by PRNT (level protection against symp- tomatic disease) is equivalent of 636 mIU/ml measured by EIA (Enzygnost®Anti-Measles Virus/IgG, Simens)." 01/01/2012 - "The sensitivity and specificity of these self-reports were analyzed against a serum anti-measles IgG assay as a gold standard. " 09/01/2015 - "This study validates a novel technique for measuring measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in capillary DBS using a commercial ELISA. "
8.	AntigensIBA 12/01/1979 - "Antibody titers to measles were lower and cell-mediated immune responses were more effective in patients with the DRw2 antigen in patients than in patients without it. " 03/01/1978 - "Since the antibody responses in these children who had previously been stimulated by measles antigen were modest and transient, it is suggested that booster immunization may not be effective in preventing future secondary vaccine failures. " 06/20/2001 - "Although initially developed in adult animals, novel viral vectors expressing recombinant measles antigens must eventually prove their success in the early life setting, where the efficacy of the currently used live-attenuated measles virus vaccine is limited. " 03/01/1994 - "The responses to CMV and measles were interpreted to represent an improved recall antigen response. " 02/01/2002 - "To illustrate the use of our new methods, they are applied to a study of the association of haplotypes (composed of genes from the human-leukocyte-antigen complex) with humoral immune response to measles vaccination. "
9.	Rubella VaccineIBA 08/01/2015 - "In Catalonia, since 1988 all children are given two doses of measles and rubella vaccine with high levels of vaccination coverage. " 11/01/2014 - "These results are the first to indicate that there are SNP associations in common across measles and rubella vaccine immune responses and that SNPs from multiple genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response regulation may contribute to the overall human antiviral response. " 11/01/2014 - "We also identified associations between individual SNPs in the IFNAR2 and TLR4 genes that were associated with IFN-γ secretion for both measles and rubella vaccine-specific immune responses. " 09/01/2011 - "Estimated national coverage with measles-rubella vaccine was 79.2% (95% confidence interval, 77.6%-80.7%), ranging from 90.2% in Nord-Ouest Department to 70.0% in Cite Soleil Metropolitan Area. " 09/01/2011 - "Measles-rubella vaccine was introduced into the country's routine childhood immunization schedule after the campaign. "
10.	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)IBA 09/01/2013 - "The objectives of this study were to develop improved primers and controls for RT-PCR reactions used for genotyping of measles samples and to develop a method to provide a convenient, safe, and inexpensive means to distribute measles RNA for RT-PCR assays and practice panels. " 08/01/2003 - "Measles virus RNA decreased rapidly after the INF-alpha therapy was started, paralleling the decrease in the measles antibody titer in the cerebrospinal fluid and the improvement in the neurological disability. " 12/01/2010 - "This study has therefore assessed the importance of the measles virus RNA detection from sera of measles suspected cases for confirmation of the case and determination of the genotype. " 04/15/2002 - "The median plasma HIV RNA level in 33 children with measles who were followed longitudinally was 5339 copies/mL at study entry, 60,121 copies/mL at hospital discharge, and 387,148 copies/mL at 1-month follow-up. " 01/01/1998 - "The aim of this study was to compare measles RNA amplification methods and to develop and select the most rapid, sensitive and robust procedure. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Prenatal Care 12/01/2004 - "With the exception of measles vaccination, predicted probabilities of the receipt of vaccinations and prenatal care do not differ based on the type of provider at which children and women sought curative care. " 08/01/1996 - "Risk factors predicting lack of immunization in children with measles in stepwise logistic regression were black ethnicity, urban residence, poor prenatal care, preschool age, and an unknown father. " 08/01/1996 - "We used measles and birth certificate data, including prenatal care and demographic information, to determine immunization status and risk factors for inadequate measles immunization. " 05/01/1992 - "The following items were found to be associated most strongly (P less than 0.003) with an increase in a child's risk of developing HED; 1) maternal antenatal history of smoking, higher prepregnancy weight, and failure to obtain prenatal care during the first trimester; 2) prematurity, low birth-weight and their associated correlates; and 3) postnatal measles infection. " 11/01/1992 - " Other primary prevention means include immunization against meningitis, measles, and rubella; improved prenatal care; improved awareness of danger of ototoxic drugs; better nutrition; and control of noise levels. "
2.	Injections 03/04/2000 - "This form of delivery is adaptable to mass campaigns, avoids the risks associated with injections, and could help measles eradication." 07/31/1922 - "2. The rabbit and the guinea pig react specifically to the intratracheal and intracirculatory injections of filtered nasopharyngeal secretions secured from cases of human measles. " 08/01/2013 - "Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) VC (2 injections) increased in 24- to 35-month-olds from 60.3% in 2008 to 81.0% in 2011. " 08/01/2005 - "Antibody responses to measles, mumps and rubella were >or=98%, similar to the control, after 1 or 2 injections of MMRV. " 04/01/2004 - "Vaccinations specifically aimed at eradicating rubella were begun with monocomponent vaccine in the mid-1970s, and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination programme with two injections got underway in 1982. "
3.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation) 01/01/2009 - "For this reason, attenuated measles viruses are potent and selective oncolytic agents showing impressive antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models. " 11/01/1999 - "These functional properties of human MCP may facilitate xenotransplantation and may be useful in the generation of animal models of measles by creating human MCP-expressing animals." 01/01/2014 - "We have previously shown that oncolytic measles virotherapy is effective against medulloblastoma, leading to significant prolongation of survival and even cures in mouse xenograft models of localized and metastatic disease. " 12/01/2009 - "human SKOV3ip.1 ovarian tumor xenografts passively immunized with measles-immune human serum were treated with saline, naked MV, or MV-infected MSC. " 10/15/2006 - "Biodistribution of measles virus infection was evaluated in measles-susceptible CD46 transgenic mice, whereas antitumor activity was monitored noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging in xenograft models. "
4.	Day Care (Partial Hospitalization) 12/01/2006 - "This study aims to describe the current state of measles prevention policy at day-care centers and to examine factors associated with vaccine promotion. " 01/01/2013 - "Clustering of unvaccinated persons, in a day care center and in anthroposophic schools, allows for measles outbreaks and is an important obstacle for the elimination of measles. " 10/19/2011 - "A retrospective cohort study was carried out between October 2006 and January 2007 in day-care and pre-school centres with confirmed measles cases. " 12/01/2006 - "Preventive measures for measles at day-care centers are currently insufficient. " 12/01/2006 - "A total of 101 day-care centers (54.0%) promoted measles vaccination in day-care attendees who had not yet been immunized. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 03/01/2014 - "Anti-measles antibody concentrations were lower in HAT patients than in controls (medians of 1500 versus 2250 mIU/ml, p = 0.02), and remained so after treatment, but were above the cut-off level assumed to provide protection in 94.8% of HAT patients, before and after treatment (versus 98.3% of controls, p = 0.3). " 01/01/2004 - "An interval of 6 to 7 months in Japan and 11 months in the United States is recommended before vaccination against measles after i.v.IG treatment for KD, but it is not known how long after treatment with additional i.v.IG. " 01/01/1983 - "Although the measles disappeared after treatment, they were not resorbed. " 09/15/1967 - "[Early diagnosis, early therapy and after care in measles]." 11/01/2006 - "To assess the vaccination history and the status of vaccine-induced protection from measles and rubella in children after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. "