Avian Malaria

Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.

Also Known As:

Networked: 95 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Malaria
2.	Infection
3.	Parasitemia
4.	Hemolysis
5.	Bacterial Infections (Bacterial Infection)

Experts

1.	Bensch, Staffan: 8 articles (01/2014 - 07/2004)
2.	Hellgren, Olof: 6 articles (05/2015 - 07/2004)
3.	Valkiūnas, Gediminas: 5 articles (05/2015 - 05/2007)
4.	Palinauskas, Vaidas: 3 articles (05/2015 - 06/2012)
5.	Zehtindjiev, Pavel: 3 articles (06/2012 - 05/2007)
6.	Vinetz, J M: 3 articles (06/2001 - 04/2000)
7.	Braga, E M: 2 articles (10/2015 - 03/2005)
8.	Pattaradilokrat, Sittiporn: 2 articles (05/2015 - 11/2013)
9.	Harnyuttanakorn, Pongchai: 2 articles (05/2015 - 11/2013)
10.	Saiwichai, Tawee: 2 articles (05/2015 - 11/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Avian Malaria:

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 06/01/2004 - "Preliminary results of an anticircumsporozoite DNA vaccine trial for protection against avian malaria in captive African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus)." 05/01/2011 - "Entomological study on transmission of avian malaria parasites in a zoological garden in Japan: bloodmeal identification and detection of avian malaria parasite DNA from blood-fed mosquitoes." 10/01/2013 - "Penguins were also tested for the prevalence of avian malaria parasite DNA using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening. " 09/01/2009 - "To indicate the competent vectors of avian malaria parasite, we collected mosquitoes at a zoological garden in Japan and examined for the avian malaria parasite DNA. " 03/01/2005 - "Avian malaria in Brazilian passerine birds: parasitism detected by nested PCR using DNA from stained blood smears."
2.	Chloroquine (Aralen)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1966 - "Effect of the antimalarial chloroquine on the phospholipid metabolism of avian malaria and heart tissue." 11/01/2006 - "All animals had been prophylactically treated for avian malaria, aspergillosis, and possible bacterial infections with chloroquine, itraconazole, and enrofloxacin. " 06/01/2014 - "The efficacy of artesunate, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine and a combination of artesunate and primaquine against avian malaria in broilers."
3.	artesunateIBA 11/08/2013 - "In vivo transmission blocking activities of artesunate on the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum." 06/01/2014 - "The efficacy of artesunate, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine and a combination of artesunate and primaquine against avian malaria in broilers."
4.	PrimaquineFDA Link 06/01/2014 - "The efficacy of artesunate, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine and a combination of artesunate and primaquine against avian malaria in broilers."
5.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 09/17/1976 - "Gametocyte infectivity and oocyst development of the avian malaria parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, can be reduced or eliminated in mosquitoes by immunizing the chickens on which the mosquitoes feed with infected red blood cells that have been treated with formalin or x-rays. "
6.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2014 - "The efficacy of artesunate, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine and a combination of artesunate and primaquine against avian malaria in broilers."
7.	Cytochromes b (Cytochrome b)IBA 05/01/2008 - "This study linked one mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene lineage with morphospecies Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum, a cosmopolitan avian malaria parasite which causes lethal disease in some birds. " 08/01/2015 - "They were clinically healthy and negative for blood parasites detectable by light microscopy and molecular techniques (partial cytochrome b gene for avian malaria and partial 18S rRNA gene for trypanosome). " 12/01/2013 - "Next-generation 454 sequencing techniques were used to re-examine diversity of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in Hawaii. " 06/01/2012 - "A new morphologically distinct avian malaria parasite that fails detection by established polymerase chain reaction-based protocols for amplification of the cytochrome B gene." 08/01/2010 - "Very slight sequence differences in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, even single nucleotide substitutions, have been proposed as indicative of different species of avian malaria parasites. "
8.	ChitinaseIBA 01/01/2014 - "This study is the first to search for and identify the chitinase gene in one of the most prevalent avian malaria parasites, Plasmodium relictum. " 09/01/2005 - "Indirect evidence has suggested the existence of a second chitinase gene, PgCHT2, in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum. " 04/07/2000 - "We have purified a chitinase of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum and cloned the gene, PgCHT1, encoding it. " 11/23/1999 - "A chitinase gene, PgCHT1, recently has been identified in the avian malaria parasite P. " 06/01/2001 - "While ookinetes of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum appear to secrete products of two chitinase genes, to date only one chitinase gene, PfCHT1, has been identified in the nearly completed Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 genome database. "
9.	EnzymesIBA 04/07/2000 - "Chitinases of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum, a class of enzymes necessary for parasite invasion of the mosquito midgut." 01/01/1995 - "The value profiles of 5 intracellular enzymes, 15 metabolites (with 2 associated ratios), and 3 electrolytes were monitored over time in 9 captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) with different avian malaria clinical status: uninfected, subclinically infected, and clinically infected with fatal outcome. " 04/24/1998 - "These results contrast with those of previous studies in which it was proposed that the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae lacks pantothenate kinase (as well as the other enzymes for the synthesis of coenzyme A) and is reliant upon the uptake of preformed coenzyme A from the host cell cytosol."
10.	Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)IBA 07/01/2004 - "Linkage between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences in avian malaria parasites: multiple cases of cryptic speciation?" 10/01/2015 - "This study aimed to describe the prevalence and diversity of the avian malaria parasites Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in Black Skimmers, on the basis of the association between microscopic observation of blood smears and amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (mtDNA cyt-b). " 01/01/2013 - "Data from an infection transcriptome of the host generalist avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum was used to identify and characterize the msp1 gene from two different isolates (mtDNA lineages SGS1 and GRW4). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/1948 - "The chemotherapy and immunology of preerythrocytic stages in avian malaria." 12/01/1947 - "The chemotherapy and immunology of pre-erythrocytic stages in avian malaria." 12/01/1946 - "The use of avian malaria for the discovery of drugs effective in the treatment and prevention of human malaria; drugs for causal prophylaxis and radical cure or the chemotherapy of exo-erythrocytic forms." 02/01/1955 - "Chemotherapy of avian malarias: III. Trial of certain standard antimalarials on Plasmodium hexamerium and P. "
2.	Diet Therapy (Therapy, Diet) 10/01/1946 - "A comparison of drug-diet therapy with single daily oral dosage in avian malaria."
3.	Decompression 08/01/1979 - "Surface membrane vesicles of red cells infected with the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae were produced by nitrogen decompression. "