Malaria

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Also Known As:

Networked: 22273 relevant articles (1836 outcomes, 2776 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Falciparum Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum Malaria)
3.	Parasitemia
4.	Fever (Fevers)
5.	Anemia

Experts

1.	Rosenthal, Philip J: 143 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	White, Nicholas J: 131 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Marsh, Kevin: 116 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
4.	Kremsner, Peter G: 101 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Hill, Adrian V S: 100 articles (01/2016 - 01/2002)
6.	Doumbo, Ogobara K: 97 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Dorsey, Grant: 90 articles (09/2015 - 12/2002)
8.	Cowman, Alan F: 73 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
9.	Long, Carole A: 71 articles (04/2015 - 01/2002)
10.	Sauerwein, Robert W: 69 articles (12/2015 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Malaria:

1.	Chloroquine (Aralen)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2011 - "Chloroquine is still the most common drug used in malaria treatment, despite its ban in first-line treatment since 2005. " 06/01/2010 - "Of these, chloroquine was the most successful, but by the 1970s widespread resistance had developed and the world was left without an effective treatment for malaria. " 01/01/2009 - "Contrary to what has been observed until 1995, mortality attributable to malaria did not continue to increase dramatically in spite of the growing resistance to chloroquine and its use as first-line treatment until 2003. " 12/01/2007 - "They also demonstrate that chloroquine-currently recommended for the home management of presumed malaria in children under the age of five years and commonly used by adults-remains highly effective in patients with uncomplicated P. " 01/01/2001 - "Despite the intensification of resistance during the last 2 decades, chloroquine remains in 2000 the first-line treatment for malaria in most of these countries. "
2.	artemisinine (artemisinin)IBA 04/01/2015 - "Although artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in most endemic countries, they have been prohibitively expensive in the retail sector where many suspected malaria cases purchase treatment. " 01/01/2015 - "Artemisinin from Artemisia annua is still one of the most effective treatments for malaria. " 01/01/2015 - "Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is first-line treatment for malaria in most endemic countries and is increasingly available in the private sector. " 09/22/2014 - "Artemisinin has been increasingly popular as an effective and safe alternative therapy against malaria; also proved effective against the highly adaptable malaria parasite, which has already become resistant to many other drugs. " 10/01/2013 - "Following a decade-long scale up of malaria control through vector control interventions, the introduction of rapid diagnostic tests and highly efficacious Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) along with other measures, global malaria incidence declined significantly. "
3.	sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar)FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "The currently recommended approach for preventing malaria in pregnancy (MiP), intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP-IPT), has been questioned due to the spread of resistance to SP. Whilst trials are underway to test the efficacy of future alternative approaches, it is important to start exploring the feasibility of their implementation. " 01/01/2004 - "The object of this study is to assess the contribution in the field of two new antimalarial fight steps taken in 2001-2002: The use of the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria OptiMAL in the rural health centres and the drop of the CQ alone for the simultaneous administration of CQ and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. " 01/01/2015 - "Tanzania abandoned sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in 2006 due to high levels Plasmodium falciparum resistance. " 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in pregnancy is threatened in parts of Africa by the emergence and spread of resistance to SP. Intermittent screening with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment of positive women (ISTp) is an alternative approach. " 12/01/2011 - "IPT in infants with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is cost effective in sites with high malaria transmission. "
4.	artesunateIBA 05/01/2015 - "Artesunate is the most effective treatment for severe malaria. " 02/01/2013 - "Early referral and treatment with artesunate was highly effective for severe malaria from all species and associated with zero mortality." 01/01/2010 - "Artesunate combined therapies represent the best option for the treatment of malaria and require the development of new methods of analysis. " 12/01/2009 - "The most important of these are: Use of artesunate combination therapy (ACT) as the first line treatment for all confirmed Pf malaria cases, introduction of rapid diagnostic kits for quick diagnosis of Pf cases, promotion of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs) in vulnerable population. " 02/01/2007 - "Our findings indicate that artesunate, in addition to being a very effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria, can also sharply reduce the S. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 12/01/2014 - "Mouse model studies have highlighted the essential role that CD8(+) T cells play in protection against preerythrocytic stages of malaria; however, there is mounting evidence that antibodies are also important in these stages. " 10/15/2015 - "Findings suggest that naturally acquired binding-inhibitory antibodies are an important functional mechanism that contributes to protection against malaria and further supports the potential of EBA-175 as a vaccine candidate. " 02/01/2010 - "Baculovirus-based nasal drop vaccine confers complete protection against malaria by natural boosting of vaccine-induced antibodies in mice." 11/01/2015 - "In multivariate analysis, in utero malaria exposure was associated with a significant reduction in the transfer of anti-VCA-p18 and anti-EBNA1 antibodies to the neonates (P = 0.0234 and P = 0.0017, respectively). " 01/01/2015 - "Constant exposure to the pathogen leads to the acquisition of antibodies and high levels of antibodies have been associated with clinical protection against malaria. "
6.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2009 - "It is likely that apart from differences in study methodologies, differences in exposure among study subjects within each study and brevity of antibody responses to malaria antigen are important sources of the variation in protective efficacy of anti-malaria immune responses mentioned above. " 01/01/2010 - "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed against Plasmodium falciparum-derived antigens are shown to play an important role for the protection against malaria. " 11/01/2008 - "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed against Plasmodium falciparum-derived antigens were shown to play an important role for the protection against malaria. " 01/01/2008 - "Antigen-specific antibody-mediated immune responses play an important role in natural protection against clinical malaria, but conflicting estimates of this association have emerged from immuno-epidemiological studies in different geographical settings. " 01/01/2006 - "Nevertheless, together the data have important implications for development of an effective malaria vaccine since the selection of appropriate Plasmodium antigens and/or adjuvants, targeting innate immune responses involving DCs, may provide optimal protection against malaria. "
7.	Antimalarials (Antimalarial Agents)IBA 03/01/2015 - "The potent gametocytocidal activity of DANQ and IBI coupled with their efficacy against asexual parasites provides leads for the development of antimalarials with the potential to prevent both the symptoms and the spread of malaria. " 01/01/2002 - "Yearly residual house spraying performed for 5 years (1993-1998) and the availability of antimalarial drugs reduced malaria transmission to very low levels, with improvement in parasitologic and entomologic indexes. " 12/01/1995 - "It is recommended that blood samples from prospective blood donors be examined for malaria parasites and that recipients of malaria-infected blood samples be given a curative regimen of antimalarials." 08/01/2003 - "Although antimalarial drugs have been developed primarily to treat malaria, they are also beneficial for many dermatological, immunological, and rheumatological diseases, for which they are mostly used today in the Western world. " 01/01/2008 - "Assessment of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Madagascar: up-dated baseline data from randomized and multi-site clinical trials."
8.	artemetherFDA Link 01/01/2006 - "Artemether, highly effective in multi-drug-resistant malaria is not routinely available for use in pregnancy due to the lack of adequate research data in animals and man. " 10/01/2008 - "Solid microemulsion preconcentrate (NanOsorb) of artemether for effective treatment of malaria." 10/01/1999 - "Artemether is a new and effective treatment for malaria, although relapse is a problem in monotherapy. " 11/01/1996 - "artemether would be an effective treatment of severe malaria in the rural tropics in situations where oral or parenteral administration is not possible." 01/01/2014 - "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intramuscular artemether with intravenous or intramuscular antimalarial for treating severe malaria. "
9.	Quinine (Quinson)FDA Link 07/01/2009 - "Therefore, ACTs and not quinine should be used as second-line treatment, because these are well tolerated, highly efficacious, and have the advantage of reducing gametocyte carriage and consequently malaria transmissibility, particularly in areas of less intense transmission." 01/01/2000 - "Quinine by intramuscular or intrarectal injection has been found to be the best treatment for malaria in Niger, particularly in field health centres where the use of solutions can pose problems. " 03/01/1991 - "So, at the dosage of 25 mg/kg, quinine was found to be very effective in the Congo in 1989 against both pernicious and non pernicious malaria." 01/01/2014 - "In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a three day course of DHP simplified antimalarial treatment and had significant benefits over quinine-based regimens in reducing recurrent malaria and poor fetal outcome. " 06/15/2010 - "Even though quinine has shown to be effective in treatment of African children with uncomplicated malaria its high bitterness limited the paediatric use. "
10.	Mefloquine (Lariam)FDA LinkGeneric 11/29/1997 - " One placebo-controlled trial directly examined malaria incidence and showed mefloquine to be highly effective in preventing malaria in an area of drug resistance. " 11/29/1997 - "One trial showed mefloquine to be effective in preventing malaria, but withdrawal rates, presumably from side effects, were high across most studies. " 11/29/1997 - "One placebo controlled trial examined malaria incidence directly and showed mefloquine to be highly effective in preventing malaria in an area of drug resistance. " 10/21/2009 - "Two novel SF5 analogs of the antimalarial agent mefloquine were synthesized in 5 steps and 10-23% overall yields and found to have improved activity and selectivity against malaria parasites. " 05/01/1985 - "A clinical field trial was conducted to determine if mefloquine is effective in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chemoprevention 01/01/2004 - "Chemoprophylaxis is highly effective in reducing mortality and morbidity from malaria in young children and pregnant women living in endemic areas, but is difficult to sustain and, in some studies, has impaired the development of naturally acquired immunity. " 01/01/2015 - "Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has been shown to be highly efficacious against clinical malaria in areas where transmission is acutely seasonal. " 01/01/2012 - "Seasonal malaria chemoprevention, previously known as intermittent preventive treatment in children, is highly effective in areas with a short malaria transmission season. " 10/01/1998 - "Yet, most of travelers' diseases such as malaria cannot be prevented by vaccination and appropriate preventive measures (chemoprophylaxis and protection against insects) should be taken." 11/01/1994 - "The harmful effects of malaria are most pronounced during first pregnancies and chemoprophylaxis is most effective when given at this time. "
2.	Insecticide-Treated Bednets 01/01/2015 - "Mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide offer highly effective personal protection against malaria transmission. " 01/01/2011 - "Using an insecticide-treated mosquito net of any type proved to be highly protective against malaria (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.96). " 01/01/1996 - "Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains (ITBC) have proved very effective in recent large-scale trials in reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality among African children. " 01/01/2011 - "In Kenya, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) distributed to pregnant women and children under 5 years old through various programs have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria deaths. " 11/01/2014 - "Mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide (LLINs), when used in compliance with guidelines of the World Health Organization, may be effective for malaria vector control. "
3.	Mosquito Nets 01/01/2011 - "To assess whether indoor residual spraying can provide additional protection against clinical malaria over current best practice of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets in The Gambia: study protocol for a two-armed cluster-randomised trial." 04/11/2015 - "Efficacy of indoor residual spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane against malaria in Gambian communities with high usage of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets: a cluster-randomised controlled trial." 01/01/1998 - "Mosquito nets impregnated with an insecticide remains the choice method of protection against night-biting insects such as anopheles and is a good way of preventing malaria. " 05/01/1992 - "After adjusting for age, sex, time since last malaria attack, history of mosquito net use, and history of fava bean consumption in the previous month, neither heterozygous nor homozygous haemoglobin E provided significant protection against P. " 01/01/1995 - "The promotion of personal protection measures for malaria prevention is advocated because insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets and other materials have proved to be effective in different situations. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/25/2009 - "CQ still remains the drug of choice for malaria chemotherapy because it is highly effective and well tolerated by humans. " 04/01/2013 - "Over the past decade the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), in combination with improved drug therapies, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and better health infrastructure, has helped reduce malaria in many African countries for the first time in a generation. " 02/01/2004 - "Despite substantial efforts at control over several decades, malaria is still a major global health problem as chemotherapy of malaria parasites is limited by established drug resistance and lack of novel treatment options. " 02/01/1997 - "Vector control and malaria chemotherapy that were previously effective in controlling and treating malaria are now largely ineffective due to insecticide-resistant mosquitoes and drug-resistant parasites. " 04/01/1988 - "On the other hand, the disappearance of malaria without large scale control operations could be ascribed to the two main factors: one is malaria case detection and simultaneous drug therapy available through the nation-wide passive case detection network during the 1960s and the other is rapidly improved farming practices begun in 1970s, which resulted in the use of a huge quantity of pesticides and other chemicals for agriculture, which, in turn, might affect local anopheline vectors which were originally not effective ones any way."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/2007 - "Specificity was 93% for HRP2 and 100% for pLDH, with differences primarily due to rapid clearance of pLDH antigenemia after treatment of a previous malaria episode. " 05/01/2013 - "Responses were stable in children who were continuously infected with malaria parasites but declined in children who were never parasitaemic during the study or were not re-infected after treatment. " 01/01/2015 - "Reduction in the number of circulating blood lymphocytes (lymphocytopaenia) has been reported during clinical episodes of malaria and is normalized after treatment with anti-malaria drugs. " 08/15/2014 - "Treatment with DP was associated with a lower hazard of recurrent malaria over the 84 days after treatment (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], .61-.70; P < .001). " 04/01/2014 - "To test this hypothesis we used a systems biology approach to analyze PBMCs sampled from healthy children before the six-month malaria season and the same children seven days after treatment of their first febrile malaria episode of the ensuing season. "