Mycetoma

A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.

Also Known As:

Networked: 313 relevant articles (29 outcomes, 18 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)
3.	Histoplasmosis
4.	Hemoptysis
5.	Mycoses (Diseases, Fungus)

Experts

1.	van de Sande, Wendy W J: 21 articles (09/2015 - 04/2005)
2.	Fahal, Ahmed H: 14 articles (09/2015 - 03/2007)
3.	van Belkum, Alex: 10 articles (01/2013 - 03/2002)
4.	Vera-Cabrera, Lucio: 9 articles (11/2014 - 03/2004)
5.	Welsh, Oliverio: 8 articles (10/2014 - 03/2004)
6.	Arenas, Roberto: 6 articles (04/2011 - 05/2006)
7.	Fahal, A H: 5 articles (10/2015 - 09/2003)
8.	Fahal, Ahmed: 5 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge: 5 articles (07/2011 - 01/2008)
10.	Kloezen, Wendy: 4 articles (07/2015 - 11/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Mycetoma:

1.	posaconazoleFDA Link 08/01/2011 - "Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral posaconazole." 05/01/2009 - "Successful therapy with ABLC, surgery and posaconazole for Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis liver eumycetoma in a child with acute leukaemia." 01/01/2015 - "Paradoxical response preceding control of Scedosporium apiospermum mycetoma with posaconazole treatment." 04/01/2011 - "Since posaconazole has an excellent safety profile, it might provide an important alternative in mycetoma therapy." 11/01/2005 - "As part of a treatment-use extension protocol, two patients with eumycetoma who initially had successful outcome were successfully retreated with posaconazole after a treatment hiatus of > 10 months. "
2.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1995 - "We describe a case of maduromycosis, 18 years in duration, with significant improvement after 6 months of itraconazole therapy." 03/01/2011 - "This prospective study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with mycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis. " 03/01/2011 - "The safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis." 10/01/2015 - "The most successful treatment option for eumycetomas offers itraconazole in a dosage of 200 mg twice daily. " 03/01/2011 - "Initial pre-operative treatment with itraconazole may be recommended for eumycetoma patients to enhance lesions encapsulation and localization which can facilitate wide local excision to avoid unnecessary massive mutilating surgery and recurrence."
3.	Amikacin (A.M.K)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "The first therapeutic scheme is very useful in the treatment of Nocardia mycetoma, while the association of amikacin plus SMT is the best treatment for those cases produced by Actinomadura madurae. " 07/01/2011 - "This is a rare presentation of mycetoma of the scalp that was cured in 12 weeks with a combination of amikacin and SXT." 12/01/2013 - "Ramam regimen was found to be quite effective in treating patients of actinomycetoma with only minimal bony involvement, while Welsh regimen and its modification should be used in case of severe disease due to amikacin being more sensitive than gentamicin in treating resistant organisms. " 04/01/2011 - "Meropenem and amikacin combination therapy represents an important addition to the currently available treatments for actinomycetomas." 04/01/2011 - "Successful treatment of Nocardia actinomycetoma with meropenem and amikacin combination therapy."
4.	terbinafine (Lamisil)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2006 - "An open-label study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of terbinafine in the treatment of eumycetoma. " 12/01/2008 - "To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first report of a dermatophyte mycetoma in a Maine Coon and of successful resolution of this condition in cats following terbinafine therapy." 12/01/2008 - "Successful resolution of dermatophyte mycetoma following terbinafine treatment in two cats." 02/01/2006 - "Clinical efficacy and safety of oral terbinafine in fungal mycetoma." 02/01/2006 - "High-dose terbinafine (1,000 mg/day) is well tolerated and clinically effective in patients with eumycetoma, a difficult-to-treat subcutaneous mycoses."
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2015 - "She presented to us after recurrence of mycetoma on an amputated stump and was successfully treated by proper courses of antibiotics after detecting the causal agent, Actinomadura madurae. " 12/01/2005 - "The other cases were treated as actinomycetomas by antibiotics. " 01/01/2003 - "Actinomycetoma responds to antibacterial agents, different therapeutic schemes can be proposed and depend on the etiological agent." 09/01/2000 - "Actinomycotic mycetomas usually respond slowly to treatment with antibiotics. " 03/01/1989 - "Ten Streptomyces somaliensis strains isolated from mycetoma patients were tested in vitro against 13 antibacterial agents. "
6.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1995 - "Because of larger particles and significantly greater inhaled mass, Fisoneb delivered more amphotericin B to the central airways, the lung periphery and in the mycetoma lung regions. " 10/01/1978 - "Amphotericin B and maduromycosis." 03/01/1977 - "While the active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lesions responded well to therapy with amphotericin B, resection was required to eliminate the residual mycetoma and its attendant hemoptysis." 12/01/2015 - "Amphotericin B but not itraconazole is able to prevent grain formation in experimental Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in mice." 01/01/1995 - "Fluconazole has been unsuccessful in the treatment of eumycetoma but amphotericin B has shown good to poor therapeutic response."
7.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2001 - "[Anti-Nocardia brasiliensis antibodies in patients with actinomycetoma and their clinical usefulness]." 01/01/1988 - "Humoral immune responses to mycetoma organisms: characterization of specific antibodies by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting." 02/01/1987 - "Antibodies directed against the fungi in vitro were shown, by indirect immunogold labelling, to bind at identical sites in fungal material grown in vitro as in mycetoma grains. " 11/01/1977 - "The mycetoma so formed can be specifically diagnosed by finding precipitating antibodies to A. " 01/01/1988 - "Levels of antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 13 patients with eumycetomas due to Madurella mycetomatis infections. "
8.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin is a very useful drug for the treatment of actinomycotic mycetomas with bone lesions. " 01/01/2009 - "Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Nocardia brasiliensis in vitro and in an experimental model of actinomycetoma in BALB/c mice." 12/01/2014 - "We report a case of Madura foot in a Somali refugee successfully managed with oral posaconazole and ciprofloxacin. " 12/01/2014 - "Case report: Non-invasive management of Madura foot with oral posaconazole and ciprofloxacin." 01/01/2006 - "The following etiological agents were identified: Madurella grisea 29 cases, Actinomadura madurae 26, Scedosporium apiospermum 5, Nocardia brasiliensis 5, Acremonium spp. 4 (Acremonium falciforme 2, Acremonium kiliense 1, Acremonium recifei 1), Madurella mycetomatis 3, Fusarium solani 2, Nocardia asteroides 1 and Streptomyces somaliensis 1. The main drugs used in the treatments were ketoconazole and itraconazole for maduromycotic mycetomas, and cotrimoxazole associated with ciprofloxacin or amikacin for actinomycetic mycetoma. "
9.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2013 - "Ramam regimen was found to be quite effective in treating patients of actinomycetoma with only minimal bony involvement, while Welsh regimen and its modification should be used in case of severe disease due to amikacin being more sensitive than gentamicin in treating resistant organisms. " 01/01/1998 - "Among the antibiotics studied, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and gentamicin were the most effective against all the regional strains tested, and these results are correlated with those obtained with regional strains that cause human mycetomas."
10.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "We report the case of a 30-year-old Nigerian patient with mycetoma of the foot without bone involvement caused by Fusarium sp..Long-term administration of ketoconazole produced a significant improvement with good clinical and biological tolerance." 04/01/2011 - "Presently, therapy of eumycetoma in Sudan is still based on surgery combined with prolonged ketoconazole therapy. " 06/01/2010 - "Eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis is treated surgically and with high doses of ketoconazole. " 12/01/2005 - "Eumycetomas were treated by ketoconazole. " 09/01/2002 - "The treatment of eumycetoma patients with ketoconazole and excision in selected cases controlled the disease activity in the majority. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Amputation 11/01/2012 - "The study objective was to determine the predictors of cure, amputation and follow-up dropout among the studied individuals with mycetoma. " 03/01/2015 - "Eumycetoma on the foot caused by Madurella mycetomatis: amputation after significant worsening during pregnancy." 01/01/2015 - "In our opinion, living with drug-non-responsive mycetoma, supported by symptomatic management, may be a better option than amputation and its associated morbidities. " 01/01/2015 - "Does the benefit of salvage amputation always outweigh disability in drug-failure mycetoma?: a tale of two cases." 11/01/2012 - "Predictors of cure, amputation and follow-up dropout among patients with mycetoma seen at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan."
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2002 - "Careful selection of patients and aggressive antifungal therapies before and after transplantation have led to improved outcomes in patients with mycetomas. " 01/01/2011 - "A nodulo-cystic eumycetoma caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a renal transplant recipient: A case report." 12/01/2006 - "We describe a case of eumycetoma in a cardiac transplant recipient caused by the soil saprophyte Acremonium species. " 12/01/2006 - "Acremonium mycetoma in a heart transplant recipient." 01/01/2002 - "Lung transplant recipients with mycetomas have significantly reduced posttransplant survival. "
3.	Nebulizers and Vaporizers (Inhaler) 08/01/1995 - "The aim of the present study was to characterize amphotericin B aerosols nebulized by ultrasonic and jet nebulizers and to study their deposition and pharmacokinetics in patients with pulmonary mycetoma. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2011 - "Actinomycetomas can cause profound disability, and despite long-term chemotherapy, treatment failure is common. " 01/01/2011 - "Drug therapy is recommended in conjunction with surgery in treatment of actinomycetoma. " 05/01/2009 - "In this article, we present the case of a 15-month-old boy diagnosed with Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis liver mycetoma during induction chemotherapy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia. " 08/01/2008 - "An extensive review of the literature was conducted into all aspects of the management of mycetomas, with a particular focus on novel drug therapy regimes. " 06/01/2005 - "In cases resistant to treatment with external drainage and chemotherapy, open surgery is typically performed to remove the mycetoma. "
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2013 - "Giant Candida mycetoma in an ascending aorta tubular graft." 12/01/2006 - "This represents only the fifth case of eumycetoma reported in a solid organ transplant recipient. " 06/01/2000 - "This was an atypical presentation of maduromycosis in a renal transplant patient." 06/01/2000 - "Atypical presentation of Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in a renal transplant patient." 03/01/1998 - "The presence of mycetomas is considered a relative contra-indication by some transplant centres and an absolute contra-indication by others. "