Macular Edema

Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)

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Networked: 3900 relevant articles (634 outcomes, 624 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Retinal Vein Occlusion
2.	Diabetic Retinopathy (Retinopathy, Diabetic)
3.	Cataract (Cataracts)
4.	Uveitis
5.	Macular Edema

Experts

1.	Noma, Hidetaka: 52 articles (02/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Mimura, Tatsuya: 50 articles (02/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Funatsu, Hideharu: 42 articles (04/2013 - 01/2002)
4.	Campochiaro, Peter A: 40 articles (11/2015 - 01/2003)
5.	Bressler, Neil M: 39 articles (12/2015 - 01/2003)
6.	Bandello, Francesco: 38 articles (12/2015 - 01/2009)
7.	Nguyen, Quan Dong: 33 articles (01/2016 - 09/2002)
8.	Scott, Ingrid U: 32 articles (09/2015 - 04/2003)
9.	Arevalo, J Fernando: 29 articles (01/2016 - 04/2007)
10.	Do, Diana V: 29 articles (01/2016 - 04/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Macular Edema:

1.	bevacizumabFDA Link 07/01/2013 - "To evaluate the efficacy of primary intra vitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection on macular edema in diabetic patients with improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) on optical coherence tomography (OCT). " 01/01/2013 - "In Case 2, 2 TYE treatments combined with Avastin and Kenacort also improved her situation despite persistent macular edema with the best-corrected visual acuity further increasing to 6/7.5. " 05/01/2008 - "Treatment of macular edema secondary to CRVO with intravitreal bevacizumab injection of 1.25 mg was well tolerated and associated with marked macular thickness reduction and BCVA improvement in all patients. " 01/01/2015 - "Intravitreal TA therapy was beneficial in some patients with macular edema secondary to RVO that was refractory to intravitreal bevacizumab therapy. " 07/01/2013 - "Our short-term experience indicates that intravitreal administration of three doses of bevacizumab in one-month intervals between the doses leads to a significant reduction of macular edema and improvement of BCVA in patients with neovascular AMD."
2.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2004 - "This information may be helpful in determining the optimal dosage of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema." 05/01/2008 - ": To determine safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for refractory clinically significant diabetic macular edema (DME). " 05/01/2005 - "A single injection of 4 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide effectively reduces the foveal thickness in diabetic macular edema and improves visual acuity, but there does not appear to be a strong correlation between the reduction of foveal thickness and the improvement in visual acuity." 03/01/2010 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide showed to be effective for improving visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema, in the first three months of treatment. " 08/01/2005 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment for serous macular detachment in patients with diabetic macular edema."
3.	ranibizumab (Lucentis)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Ranibizumab IVI in addition to IH proved to be highly effective in increasing visual acuity and reducing macular edema secondary to CRVO. " 12/01/2014 - "Significant reduction of diabetic macular edema following intravitreal ranibizumab injection in the fellow eye." 05/01/2015 - "Intravitreal ranibizumab may be effective in the treatment of long-standing macular edema associated with foveal macroaneurysms. " 05/01/2013 - "In diabetic macular edema, ranibizumab has shown greater efficacy with fewer side-effects than steroid implants. " 06/01/2011 - "Ranibizumab was well tolerated and associated with a greater reduction in macular edema and improvement in visual acuity in the monthly PRN regimen compared with quarterly treatment. "
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2005 - "The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular edema map values of Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II. In Group 1, mean visual acuity improved significantly from a mean logMAR (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution) value of 0.98+/-0.19 at baseline to a maximum of 0.24+/-0.24 during a mean follow-up time of 6.3 months. " 05/01/2015 - "The central retinal thickness was evaluated by optical coherence tomography and improved from 310 to 233 μm, with the resolution of both the associated serous detachments and the cystoid macular edema; an almost complete reabsorption of the hard exudates at the end of the treatment was also observed. " 11/01/2008 - "A subgroup analysis revealed that patients with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (n = 11) had a mean significant improvement in visual acuity and retinal thickness compared with baseline at 4 weeks and 12 weeks posttreatment (P < 0.0001). " 08/01/1991 - "These results indicate that quantitative measurement of retinal thickness may become useful in the management of diabetic patients with macular edema." 04/01/2014 - "We also present a new hybrid classifier as an ensemble of Gaussian mixture model and support vector machine for improved exudate detection even in the presence of other bright lesions which eventually leads to reliable classification of input retinal image in different stages of macular edema. "
5.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2016 - "The dexamethasone implant improved macular edema in refractory cases resulting in statistically significant improvements in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness that remained stable to 3 months and 6 months, respectively." 09/01/2014 - "To evaluate the onset and duration of improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in eyes treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (DEX implant) for macular edema after branch or central retinal vein occlusion. " 05/01/2012 - "We report on the significant improvement of central macular thickness in a case of clinically significant macular edema after dexamethasone 0.7 mg sustained-release intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®; Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA). " 01/01/2011 - "The Geneva Study, a randomized, controlled, clinical trial, conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intravitreal implant that delivers sustained levels of dexamethasone (Ozurdex™), studied the largest group of RVO patients with macular edema (1267 patients), including 35% CRVO and 65% BRVO. " 09/01/2013 - "The patient remains in remission without any exudation in the macula at 4 months follow-up. Dexamethasone 0.7 mg intravitreal implant appears to be a safe and effective solution in the treatment of macular edema in patients with IRVAN syndrome and could possibly be a treatment option for other cases of inflammatory induced macular edema."
6.	Triamcinolone (Aristocort)FDA Link 09/01/2007 - "Best-corrected visual acuity was found improved in patients with diabetic macular edema 5 months after triamcinolone injection. " 07/01/2008 - "By multivariate analysis, eyes treated with periocular triamcinolone had a significant reduction in the risk of radiation-induced macular edema (P = 0.002; hazard estimate = 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.17- 0.80). " 11/01/2004 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone application provides significant improvement in visual acuity of diabetic patients and clinical course of macular edema, and may therefore be a promising approach in the primary treatment of diabetic macular edema." 09/01/2004 - "To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT) by evaluation of pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). " 09/01/2009 - "Intravitreal triamcinolone is superior to observation for treating vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to CRVO in patients who have characteristics similar to those in the SCORE-CRVO trial. "
7.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 01/01/2015 - "The treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) has improved because of the proven efficacy of drugs that inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). " 04/01/2010 - "The introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for CRVO in 2005 demonstrated marked improvement in visual acuity, macular edema and ocular neovascularization. " 06/01/2009 - "The vitreous levels of VEGF were significantly higher in patients who showed greater improvement in the severity of macular edema (r = 0.4277, P = 0.0116). " 06/01/2009 - "There was a significant positive correlation between the vitreous levels of VEGF and improved level of the severity of macular edema. " 01/01/2011 - "Other ongoing studies evaluate the safety and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection; preliminary results showed that these therapies are effective in decreasing macular edema and improving visual acuity, with fewer ocular adverse effects, but their duration of action seems limited. "
8.	Fluorescein (Funduscein)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2004 - "Fluorescein angiography showed marked improvement of macular edema in 4 eyes (21.0%), mild improvement in 10 eyes (52.6%) and no change in 5 eyes (26.3%); no patient had worsening of macular edema. " 11/01/2015 - "Fluorescein angiography leakage was associated with a greater likelihood of improvement in macular edema." 09/01/1983 - "Fluorescein angiographic findings varied considerably with some patients showing an improvement with continued cystoid macular edema. " 01/01/2014 - "After surgery, the BCVA gradually improved from 20/100 to 20/20 at 19 months in Case 1 and from 20/50 to 20/13 at 13 months in Case 2. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed leakage at the late phase, and OCT showed that the cystoid macular edema was resolved and the fovea was considerably thinner postoperatively. " 09/01/2013 - "Safety and efficacy of oral fluorescein angiography in detecting macular edema in comparison with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography."
9.	afliberceptIBA 11/01/2014 - "Patients with macular edema following CRVO benefited from early treatment with intravitreal aflibercept." 10/01/2015 - "Intravitreal Aflibercept for Diabetic Macular Edema: 100-Week Results From the VISTA and VIVID Studies." 03/01/2015 - "Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 18-month results of the phase 3 GALILEO study." 11/01/2014 - "Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 18-month results of the phase 3 GALILEO study." 07/01/2014 - "Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion: two-year results from the COPERNICUS study."
10.	pegaptanibFDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Pegaptanib has been shown to be effective in treating diabetic macular edema (DME). " 01/01/2013 - "Pegaptanib proved to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of diabetic macular edema throughout the 12-month followup. " 01/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of pegaptanib in patients with diabetic macular edema. " 01/01/2015 - "Intravitreal pegaptanib for the treatment of ischemic diabetic macular edema." 01/01/2015 - "In a randomized, double-masked multicenter trial, intravitreal pegaptanib (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/eye) was administered in patients with diabetic macular edema every 6 weeks for 12-30 weeks. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Light Coagulation 06/01/2011 - "With clinically significant macular edema (CSME) that is either away from the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) or diffuse, the most common first-line treatment option was macular photocoagulation 48 (78.8%) and 33 (54.1%), respectively. " 10/01/1995 - "To evaluate the efficacy of macular grid photocoagulation in preserving or improving central visual acuity in eyes with macular edema due to central vein occlusion (CVO) and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 or poorer. " 05/01/1984 - "The most promising treatment for diabetic macular edema has been photocoagulation. " 12/01/2002 - "Despite the results of clinical trials showing the efficacy of panretinal and focal photocoagulation of proliferative retinopathy with high-risk characteristics for severe visual loss and for clinically significant macular edema, retinopathy remains an important cause of visual loss. " 09/01/1993 - "Photocoagulation in the macular area has proven to be effective in the treatment of exudate rings and cystoid macular edema. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 03/01/2000 - "Macular edema disappeared or was dramatically reduced in all cases after laser treatment. " 03/01/2008 - "IVTA injection produced a significant reduction of macular edema in eyes with BRVO either with or without prior grid laser treatment. " 09/01/2001 - "Efficacy of various laser wavelengths in the treatment of clinically significant macular edema in diabetics." 01/01/1991 - "At 6 months after PRP without focal macular laser treatment, macular edema was reduced in 13 eyes, 8 of which improved by greater than or equal to 2 lines of vision. " 03/01/2013 - "To prospectively investigate the safety and efficacy of a novel frequency-doubled nanosecond-pulsed laser with discontinuous beam energy distribution (2RT, Ellex) for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. "
3.	Vitrectomy 01/01/2007 - "Pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling was effective in reducing persistent diabetic macular edema in most of the cases. " 01/01/2011 - "In eyes with macular edema secondary to RVO, pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling can resolve macular edema, but the improvement in BCVA was not statistically significant in this study." 01/01/2006 - "A prospective, comparative, nonrandomized study to evaluate the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with and without inner limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for persistent diffuse clinically significant macular edema. " 11/01/2009 - "Vitrectomy with ILM peeling seems to be beneficial for macular edema secondary to RVO in patients treated within 1 month from the onset of symptoms. " 04/01/2009 - "Pars plana vitrectomy with and without internal limiting membrane peeling appears to be beneficial in eyes with diffuse nontractional diabetic macular edema, and its effectiveness is maintained long term."
4.	Intravitreal Injections 12/01/2015 - "One eye each of 32 patients who were treated with intravitreal injections for macular edema secondary to BRVO was studied. " 01/01/2015 - "These changes may be misdiagnosed as cystoid macular edema (CME) and may trigger unnecessary treatment including intravitreal injections. " 01/01/2014 - "Five-month observation of persistent diabetic macular edema after intravitreal injection of Ozurdex implant." 11/01/2013 - "Intravitreal injections and diabetic macular edema: actual and new therapeutic options." 10/01/2013 - "The published results indicate that intravitreal injections of these agents may have a beneficial effect on macular thickness and visual acuity, independent of the type of macular edema that is present. "
5.	Injections 10/01/2011 - "Two of the three patients demonstrated a significant improvement in visual acuity and a reduction in macular edema in both eyes after three monthly injections to the study eye. " 07/01/2010 - "IVTA and IVB injections were similarly effective for improving visual acuity in patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO. " 01/01/2014 - "His macular edema and vision have improved with these injections. " 09/01/2012 - "Macular edema responded well both anatomically and functionally to the TA injections. " 07/01/2010 - "This consecutive, retrospective, nonrandomized, clinical interventional study included 83 patients (83 eyes) with macular edema secondary to BRVO who received single ivTA (25 patients) or ivBe (24 patients) injections, or no treatment (controls, 34). "