Lyme Disease (Disease, Lyme)

An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2370 relevant articles (125 outcomes, 201 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Arthritis (Polyarthritis)
3.	Bites and Stings (Sting)
4.	Erythema Chronicum Migrans
5.	Acrodermatitis (Gianotti Crosti Syndrome)

Experts

1.	Steere, Allen C: 47 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Wormser, Gary P: 43 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Zajkowska, Joanna: 30 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Strle, Franc: 29 articles (12/2015 - 07/2002)
5.	Kondrusik, Maciej: 29 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Pancewicz, Sławomir: 23 articles (03/2015 - 06/2002)
7.	Grygorczuk, Sambor: 22 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Hermanowska-Szpakowicz, Teresa: 21 articles (12/2008 - 01/2002)
9.	Fikrig, Erol: 20 articles (01/2012 - 01/2002)
10.	Wallich, Reinhard: 19 articles (06/2015 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Lyme Disease:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 11/15/2003 - "Treatment with antibiotics is beneficial for all stages of Lyme borreliosis, but is most successful early in the course of the illness. " 05/01/1994 - "Most patients with late Lyme disease are cured with antibiotics, but the response to successful treatment may be slow. " 10/01/2014 - "Improved clinical guidelines for the identification and diagnosis of Lyme arthritis of the ankle are important so that appropriate antibiotics can be used and surgery can be avoided. " 11/01/1994 - "The recommended treatment of Lyme disease is evolving and important questions remain unanswered, such as (a) Are inexpensive oral regimens effective in curing acute illness and preventing arthritic, neurologic, and cardiac manifestations or are much more costly, and potentially toxic, intravenous antibiotics required? " 06/01/2011 - "Antibiotics are effective in all Lyme disease manifestations and, generally, patients have a good prognosis."
2.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1990 - "It is concluded that purified Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum antigen is superior to a sonicate antigen, especially for serodiagnosis of the early stages of Lyme borreliosis." 01/01/1996 - "On the one hand the cross-reacting antigens represent a risk of false positive results in laboratory diagnostics, while on the other hand they have a certain potential for vaccine development against Lyme disease." 03/01/2001 - "VraA (BBI16) protein of Borrelia burgdorferi is a surface-exposed antigen with a repetitive motif that confers partial protection against experimental Lyme borreliosis." 06/01/1993 - "CSF antigen detection should prove helpful in evaluating patients for suspected neurologic Lyme disease." 06/01/1992 - "burgdorferi antigens can serve as substrates for immunoblot and ELISA, which may be helpful in diagnosing Lyme disease."
3.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Oral doxycycline, also effective against coinfection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is the mainstay of therapy of cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. " 01/01/2014 - "Patients enrolled in the study protocol were given counseling related to doxycycline, signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, and future tick prevention strategies. " 07/12/2001 - "In an area of New York where Lyme disease is hyperendemic we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of treatment with a single 200-mg dose of doxycycline in 482 subjects who had removed attached I. scapularis ticks from their bodies within the previous 72 hours. " 12/01/2014 - "This comes in support of the oral doxycycline as an initial and even monotherapy for non-parenchymal Lyme disease of the nervous system in the USA. " 01/01/2014 - "Pharmacist initiation of postexposure doxycycline for Lyme disease prophylaxis."
4.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/1989 - "Antibodies to Borrelia and Treponema spirochetes will cross-react in conventional assays being used for Lyme disease, but in most cases, these problems can be eliminated by performing other serologic tests or by reviewing clinical and epidemiologic data. " 08/01/1983 - "We found that (a) Lyme disease patients had antibodies to IDS components (b) most patients studied had antibodies to two components with apparent subunit molecular weights of 41,000 and 60,000, and (c) the patients' antibody responses during illness and remission were specific, for the most part, for the IDS. " 01/11/2012 - "Some patients with persistent symptoms after Lyme disease had higher levels of anti-Borrelia antibodies than cured patients." 03/01/2006 - "Our data suggest that FcRn ameliorates murine Lyme arthritis by preventing the degradation of protective borreliacidal antibodies." 07/01/2000 - "Serum samples obtained from healthy, asymptomatic dogs in areas of Wisconsin and northern Illinois where Lyme disease is endemic or nonendemic were assayed for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and positive results were confirmed by immunoblot assay. "
5.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 12/01/2012 - "Although it is known that two-tier serologic testing for Lyme disease may be associated with false positive results on the IgM immunoblot, this problem has never been systematically studied in the clinical practice setting. " 03/01/1997 - "Forty-six patients with late Lyme disease who were considered improved or cured following treatment were monitored by immunoglobin M (IgM) immunoblotting (mean monitoring period, 27.6 months). " 01/01/1991 - "Improved immunoglobulin M serodiagnosis in Lyme borreliosis by using a mu-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with biotinylated Borrelia burgdorferi flagella." 11/01/2008 - "He also had an elevated immunoglobulin-M Lyme titer indicating coinfection with Lyme disease. " 01/01/2008 - "Retrospective analysis of clinical signs and symptoms of Lyme borreliosis in children with positive ELISA IgM and positive Western blot IgM results and in children with positive ELISA IgM and negative Western blot IgM results. "
6.	OspA proteinIBA 06/01/1995 - "In vivo vaccination studies supported the in vitro findings, confirming that vaccination with a single OspA protein does not provide complete protection against challenge with all Lyme disease spirochetes. " 07/01/1998 - "Compared with placebo, the OspA vaccine significantly reduced the frequency of Lyme disease during the 2-year study period (P < 0.04, one-tailed Fisher's exact test). " 07/23/1998 - "In this study, OspA vaccine was safe and effective in the prevention of Lyme disease." 09/01/2013 - "A novel multivalent OspA vaccine against Lyme borreliosis shows promise in Phase I/II studies." 01/01/2003 - "An efficacy trial of an outer-surface protein A (OspA) Lyme disease vaccine demonstrated tolerability and efficacy against laboratory-confirmed Lyme disease after a primary series of 3 doses at 0, 1, and 12 months. "
7.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "The patient's weakness improved with intravenous ceftriaxone for neuroborreliosis, a manifestation of Lyme disease. " 06/01/2005 - "Ceftriaxone for 14 days eradicated the signs and symptoms of late Lyme disease in the majority of evaluable patients. " 01/01/2015 - "It was administered 4.7 × 10(8) spirochetes intradermal and subcutaneous applications in both horses to evaluate clinical aspects of the Lyme disease, 95 days before the application of sodium ceftriaxone. " 01/01/2014 - "Case 1: a pregnant woman from sub-Saharan Africa, suffering from Lyme disease, was treated with ceftriaxone sodium. " 12/01/2011 - "Despite the weak positive serology a diagnosis of lyme arthritis could not be excluded and intravenous antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone was started. "
8.	1-oleoyl-2-stearoylphosphatidylcholineIBA 06/01/2008 - "Significantly improved accuracy of diagnosis of early Lyme disease by peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the borreliacidal antibody epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi OspC." 03/01/2007 - "Rapid clearance of Lyme disease spirochetes lacking OspC from skin." 12/01/2015 - "Together, our findings provide evidence that mononuclear phagocytes play a key role in clearance of the ospC mutant and that OspC promotes spirochetes' evasion of macrophages during early Lyme borreliosis. " 05/01/2015 - "This study thus shows that a targeted SRM approach is a promising tool for the early direct diagnosis of Lyme disease with high sensitivity (<10 fmol of OspC/mg of human skin biopsy). " 01/01/2004 - "In vivo studies using a murine model of Lyme borreliosis showed that while OspC F(ab)(2) fragments did not influence either the viability of spirochetes or ospC gene expression, they did interfere with B. "
9.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2010 - "In case of Lyme borreliosis of the mother, adequate antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin prevents harm to the fetus. " 10/01/2008 - "A total of 84 adults with Lyme disease with persistent symptoms (LDPS) were studied; 52 received amoxicillin and 34 received placebo. " 01/01/2007 - "We describe a favorable outcome in a 42-year-old woman who developed Lyme disease in the third trimester and was treated with a full course of oral amoxicillin. " 06/01/2004 - "We diagnosed Lyme disease and treated the girl with amoxicillin (50 mg/kg/day) for three weeks achieving the complete relief of symptomatology till today. " 01/01/2003 - "Early recognition of concurrent Lyme disease and HGE is important because amoxicillin, an antibiotic of choice for young children with early Lyme disease, is ineffective for HGE."
10.	Erythema migransIBA 05/01/2003 - "The high proportion of cases with erythema migrans suggests that early diagnosis and treatment should be effective in reducing late-stage complications of Lyme disease in Dutchess County. " 07/01/2007 - "The outcome measures are the clearance of erythema migrans and associated symptoms of early localized Lyme disease and the prevention rate of late complications, with a low risk of adverse effects. " 01/01/1994 - "Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy of our microbiologic technique on blood samples obtained from patients with Lyme disease and erythema migrans. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of the study was the analysis of epidemiology and clinical picture of early Lyme disease-erythema migrans (EM). " 01/01/2005 - "Study group consisted of 13 patients with erythema migrans, 10 with Lyme arthritis and 6 with neuroborreliosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 10/01/2010 - "Comment on: Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of Lyme disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis." 06/01/2010 - "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of Lyme disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis." 06/01/1996 - "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of Lyme disease." 06/01/2010 - "The clinical value of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing Lyme disease remains uncertain, owing to a meta-analysis lacking sufficient power to demonstrate efficacy and a more recent trial showing effectiveness but lacking precision. " 04/01/2011 - "This paper reviews the prevailing antibiotic prophylaxis recommendation for Lyme disease and the evidence supporting it. "
2.	Retreatment 08/01/2013 - "The authors of 4 National Institutes of Health-sponsored antibiotic treatment trials of patients with persistent unexplained symptoms despite previous antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease determined that retreatment provides little if any benefit and carries significant risk. " 11/01/2012 - "Antibiotic retreatment of Lyme disease in patients with persistent symptoms: a biostatistical review of randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials." 02/01/2014 - "Potential benefits of retreatment highlight the need for additional Lyme disease research." 03/01/1991 - "Despite longer and more frequent parenteral therapy, late Lyme disease frequently required retreatment, owing to poor clinical response (p less than .05)." 01/01/1988 - "Between June 1981 and July 1987 the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of 215 patients with erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease was evaluated in terms of the necessity for retreatment and the prevention of the late manifestations of Lyme disease. "
3.	Injections 07/23/1998 - "Three injections of vaccine prevented most definite cases of Lyme disease or asymptomatic B. " 07/23/1998 - "In the first year, after two injections, 22 subjects in the vaccine group and 43 in the placebo group contracted definite Lyme disease (P=0.009); vaccine efficacy was 49 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 15 to 69 percent). " 07/01/2014 - "Intraarticular steroid injections in childhood Lyme arthritis refractory to antibiotics can lead to marked clinical improvement." 01/01/2013 - "Two NPYLR1 homologues identified in the genome of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, were also sensitive to Head Peptide-I. Injection of synthetic Head Peptide-I and sNPF-3 inhibited host-seeking behavior in non-blood-fed female mosquitoes, whereas control injections of buffer or inactive Head Peptide-I [Cys10] had no effect. " 11/01/1999 - "A recombinant lipoprotein vaccine against Lyme disease, containing 30 microg of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) with aluminum adjuvant, has been shown in a large US field trial of subjects >/=15 years of age to offer 76% efficacy against clinical Lyme disease after 3 injections given at 0, 1, and 12 months. "
4.	Arthrodesis 05/01/1992 - "A case of Lyme arthritis with advanced degenerative changes localized to the midcarpal joint was treated with a limited wrist arthrodesis with relief of pain and improved function. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/1994 - "The aim of this study was to develop a treatment for late Lyme borreliosis and to compare the clinical results with serological findings before and after treatment. " 06/01/2015 - "Two-tier serologic testing is neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosis of PTLDS because of variability in convalescent serologic responses after treatment of early Lyme disease. " 07/01/2012 - "burgdorferi components can persist near cartilaginous tissue after treatment for Lyme disease. " 07/01/2012 - "In this issue of the JCI, Bockenstedt et al. address this issue and present compelling evidence that the residues of nonviable spirochetes can persist in cartilaginous tissue long after treatment and may contribute to antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis." 07/01/2012 - "In Lyme disease, musculoskeletal symptoms can persist after treatment, which has led to the hypothesis that the causal organism itself may escape antibiotic therapy. "