Oral Leukoplakia

A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

Also Known As:

Networked: 430 relevant articles (31 outcomes, 132 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Oral Lichen Planus
2.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
3.	Leukoplakia
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
5.	Head and Neck Neoplasms (Head and Neck Cancer)

Experts

1.	Chen, Hsin-Ming: 8 articles (09/2015 - 01/2004)
2.	Chiang, Chun-Pin: 7 articles (09/2015 - 01/2004)
3.	Yu, Chuan-Hang: 7 articles (09/2015 - 08/2005)
4.	Dannenberg, Andrew J: 5 articles (04/2012 - 08/2002)
5.	Subbaramaiah, Kotha: 5 articles (04/2012 - 08/2002)
6.	Lin, Hung-Pin: 4 articles (09/2015 - 09/2012)
7.	He, Yuan: 4 articles (01/2015 - 12/2007)
8.	Li, Yi: 4 articles (02/2011 - 12/2008)
9.	Lippman, Scott M: 4 articles (01/2009 - 03/2004)
10.	Cheng, Shih-Jung: 3 articles (09/2015 - 09/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Oral Leukoplakia:

1.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "Vitamin A administration resulted in a significant remission of oral leukoplakia without any side effects of prolonged vitamin A supplementation. " 03/01/2006 - "Various studies have evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of vitamin A derivatives in the treatment of oral leukoplakia (OL). " 09/15/2002 - "Only four studies using topical vitamin A for patients with oral leukoplakia have been reported. " 05/01/1988 - "Tobacco/betel nut chewers (Kerala, India) with well-developed oral leukoplakias were chosen for a short-term intervention trial of vitamin A therapy. " 07/01/1965 - "A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HIGH DOSES OF VITAMIN A ON ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA (HYPERKERATOSIS), INCLUDING TOXICITY, LIVER FUNCTION AND SKELETAL METABOLISM."
2.	beta Carotene (Betacarotene)FDA Link 01/01/1992 - "The results of this study show the fair efficacy of beta-carotene against oral leukoplakias, but further confirmations through controlled clinical studies are needed." 12/31/1993 - "We have evaluated the clinical efficacy of beta-carotene, given 30 mg/day orally, for treatment of oral leukoplakia patients. " 12/01/1999 - "Beta-carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia: results of a multicenter prospective trial." 09/01/1993 - "Early results are promising in that beta-carotene, alone or in combination with other nutrients, can reverse oral leukoplakia without toxicity in short-term trials. " 01/01/1992 - "In 1989, a phase II study of patients showing oral leukoplakias and treated with beta-carotene (90 mg/day) was begun. "
3.	RetinoidsIBA 09/01/1989 - "Six studies, including one recently reported placebo-controlled randomized trial, have demonstrated the efficacy of retinoids in oral leukoplakia. " 10/01/1983 - "This two phase study was designed to observe the toxicity and effectiveness of retinoids on oral leukoplakia. " 03/01/1996 - "Retinoids are the most studied chemopreventive agents for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. " 03/01/1994 - "The most frequently studied agents, the retinoids, were found frequently to induce remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia. " 10/01/1983 - "Effect of retinoids on oral leukoplakia."
4.	lycopeneIBA 01/01/2005 - "Oral lycopene appears, from this small RCT conducted over 5 months, to be effective in the treatment and management of oral leukoplakia." 07/01/2004 - "This study evaluates the efficacy of lycopene in the treatment of oral leukoplakia and compares two different doses with a placebo. " 07/01/2004 - "Efficacy of oral lycopene in the treatment of oral leukoplakia." 01/01/2005 - "This was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the treatment of oral leukoplakia with the carotenoid lycopene. " 01/01/2005 - "Oral lycopene--an efficacious treatment for oral leukoplakia?"
5.	FenretinideIBA 01/01/2009 - "This result is consistent with our clinical finding that high-dose fenretinide did not improve on the historical response rate of lower-dose fenretinide in our previous oral leukoplakia trial." 01/01/2009 - "We previously showed that low-dose fenretinide (200 mg/d) had limited activity in retinoid-resistant oral leukoplakia (34% response rate) possibly because serum drug levels were insufficient to induce retinoid receptor-independent apoptosis. " 01/01/2009 - "High-dose fenretinide in oral leukoplakia." 05/15/2006 - "Low-dose fenretinide was clinically active and produced a small increase in apoptosis in retinoid-resistant oral leukoplakia." 05/15/2006 - "Fenretinide activity in retinoid-resistant oral leukoplakia."
6.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "Oral leukoplakia in a diabetic patient treated with tretinoin." 09/15/2002 - "Although the direct application of higher concentrations of retinoic acid results in suppression of oral leukoplakias only, its use in the treatment of patients with recurrent and persistent lesions may be justified for controlling lesions that otherwise may progress. " 09/15/1999 - "The use of topical vitamin A acid showed a limited effect in controlling oral leukoplakia. " 01/01/1979 - "[Preliminary observations of local treatment of oral leukoplakia with retinoic acid (author's transl)]." 02/01/1978 - "[Exfoliative cytology during topical treatment of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A acid]."
7.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 03/01/2007 - "In this study, we reported and compared the clinical outcomes of 24 OVH lesions, 97 oral leukoplakia (OL) lesions and 6 oral erythroleukoplakia (OEL) lesions treated with topical ALA-PDT in the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from November 2001 to December 2005. " 08/01/2005 - "In addition, our recent study demonstrated an unsatisfactory clinical outcome for 24 oral leukoplakia (OL) lesions treated once a week by the same topical ALA-PDT protocol. " 07/01/2003 - "The aim of our study was to determine therapeutic response to PDT in patients with oral leukoplakia. " 09/01/2013 - "Patients with histologically confirmed oral leukoplakia received a single treatment of ALA PDT in cohorts with escalating doses of light (585nm). " 12/01/1998 - "A new therapy for the treatment of oral leukoplakia by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is presented. "
8.	Isotretinoin (Accutane)FDA LinkGeneric 12/11/1986 - "We conclude that 13-cis-retinoic acid, even in short-term use, appears to be an effective treatment for oral leukoplakia and has an acceptable level of toxicity." 12/11/1986 - "13-cis-Retinoic acid has been reported to be effective in treating oral leukoplakia. " 03/01/2006 - "Evaluation of the clinical and histological effectiveness of isotretinoin in the therapy of oral leukoplakia: ten years of experience: is management still up to date and effective?" 09/01/1999 - "The role of apoptosis and bcl-2 protein in topical treatment of oral leukoplakia with isotretinoin." 05/01/1999 - "In a double-blind study 10 patients with oral leukoplakia were treated daily (three topical applications) with 0.1% isotretinoin gel or a placebo for 4 months. "
9.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 05/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of tumor suppressor gene p53, proliferation marker Ki-67, and oncogene c-erbB2 and to evaluate the relevance of their co-expression in the diagnosis of, and prognosis for, oral leukoplakia. " 05/01/2011 - " prevalence of HPV type 18 was found to be higher than HPV type 16 and co-infection in oral leukoplakia. " 03/01/2010 - "The use of KTP lasers for the treatment of oral leukoplakia may result in lower recurrence rates than when using CO(2) lasers." 03/01/2010 - "Retrospective data were collected from the records of 30 patients (mean age 75.6 years) with 35 primary oral leukoplakia who had their lesions ablated by KTP laser, and 45 patients (mean age 59.9 years) with 59 primary oral leukoplakia who had CO(2) laser treatment. " 11/01/2009 - "Co-infection rates with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV were significantly higher in oral squamous cell cancer than in controls, oral lichen planus or oral leukoplakia patients (12.3%, 0.0%, 6.7%, and 4.5%, respectively). "
10.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 01/01/1982 - "Keratin analysis can give new insights in epithelial maturation and may be helpful for the classification of oral leukoplakia." 09/01/2012 - "Oral leukoplakia lesions on oral mucosal sites other than the tongue, <2 cm(2) , with epithelial dysplasia, or with a surface keratin thickness <55 μm required significantly fewer cryogun cryotherapy treatments to achieve complete regression. " 09/01/2007 - "In this study, we seeked to define the cytokeratin (Ck) expression pattern in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). " 09/01/2007 - "Cytokeratin alteration in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma." 03/01/2015 - "We present an individual who had different nail dystrophy, epidermal cysts, mental retardation, blepharitis, complete loss of teeth, and negative keratin gene mutations for pachyonychia congenita and developed squamous cell cancer on the oral leukokeratosis lesions. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Chemoprevention 04/01/2015 - "Data from this RCT does not support the hypothesis that chemoprevention with this treatment is effective for oral leukoplakia. " 10/01/2003 - "The purposes of the study were to summarize the preclinical and clinical development of Bowman-Birk Inhibitor and a Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate against oral premalignant lesions and to evaluate Neu immunohistochemical staining intensity for lesions and simultaneously obtained biopsy specimens of normal-appearing mucosa from the Phase IIa Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate oral leukoplakia chemoprevention trial. " 12/01/2000 - "Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial." 06/01/1996 - "To better understand genetic alterations in oral premalignant lesions, we examined 84 oral leukoplakia samples from 37 patients who had been enrolled in a chemoprevention trial. " 01/01/1995 - "Screening at a health fair to identify subjects for an oral leukoplakia chemoprevention trial."
2.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 03/01/2014 - "Within the limits of the study it can be concluded that photodynamic therapy with the use of Chlorine-e6 can lead to considerable reduction of oral leukoplakia lesions size thus may be useful in clinical practice. " 03/01/2014 - "The aim of the study was clinical evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficacy in the treatment of oral leukoplakia lesions. " 04/01/2015 - "Treatment of oral leukoplakia with photodynamic therapy: A pilot study." 03/01/2014 - "Clinical evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficacy in the treatment of oral leukoplakia." 11/01/2011 - "To determine the safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral leukoplakia with 5-aminolevulinic acid and pulsed dye laser. "
3.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 02/01/2004 - "The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical usefulness of laser surgery for oral leukoplakia. " 06/01/2011 - "Changes in oral habits can be of great importance to the outcome of laser surgery of dysplastic oral leukoplakia." 06/01/2011 - "To evaluate the associated factors of recurrence in patients who received laser surgery for dysplastic oral leukoplakia. " 06/01/2005 - "Laser therapy has been a favoured treatment regime for oral leukoplakia since the mid 1980s. " 02/01/2004 - "Recurrence and/or malignanT transformation of oral leukoplakia have occasionally been observed following laser surgery. "
4.	Gas Lasers 03/01/2013 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the treatment results of CO2 laser vaporisation in a well-defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia (OL). " 11/01/2015 - "Clinical predictors of oral leukoplakia recurrence following CO2 laser vaporization." 07/01/2015 - "Is carbon dioxide laser vaporization a valuable tool in the management of oral leukoplakia? " 06/01/2015 - "In this retrospective study, we evaluated 65 patients with oral leukoplakia treated with CO2 laser vaporization. " 06/01/2015 - "The use of CO2 laser has become a routine procedure for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. "
5.	Radiotherapy 11/01/1964 - "[CONTRIBUTION TO THE RADIOTHERAPY OF ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA]." 10/01/2010 - "Reliable evidence for management of oral submucous fibrosis is still limited; amifostine, hydrolytic enzymes, ice chips and Chinese medicine may be effective in preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy; the evidence in treating oral mucositis with allopurinol mouthwash, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, immunoglobulin or human placentral extract for patients with cancer receiving treatment is weak and unreliable yet; there is evidence that acyclovir is efficacious in prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in patients being treated for cancer; there is strong evidence that drugs absorbed or partially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract prevent oral candidiasis in patients receiving treatment for cancer; relapses and adverse effects are common in using beta carotene, lycopene, vitamin A or retinoids to treat oral leukoplakia; only some weak evidence is provided in using cyclosporines, retinoids, steroids or phototherapy for treating oral lichen planus; the evidence about acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is insufficient; there is little research evidence for treatment of burning mouth syndrome. "