Leukoplakia

A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.

Also Known As:

Networked: 624 relevant articles (24 outcomes, 108 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Oral Leukoplakia
2.	Lichen Planus (Lichen Ruber Planus)
3.	Mouth Neoplasms (Oral Cancer)
4.	Keratosis
5.	Oral Lichen Planus

Experts

1.	Roy, Bidyut: 12 articles (01/2016 - 05/2003)
2.	Majumder, Mousumi: 6 articles (11/2015 - 09/2005)
3.	van der Waal, Isaäc: 6 articles (01/2013 - 02/2009)
4.	Sikdar, Nilabja: 6 articles (11/2007 - 05/2003)
5.	Datta, Sayantan: 5 articles (01/2016 - 11/2007)
6.	Paul, Ranjan Rashmi: 5 articles (01/2014 - 05/2003)
7.	Warnakulasuriya, Saman: 4 articles (03/2015 - 01/2003)
8.	Braakhuis, Boudewijn J M: 4 articles (10/2011 - 09/2002)
9.	Ray, Anindita: 3 articles (01/2016 - 01/2014)
10.	Roy, Roshni: 3 articles (01/2016 - 01/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leukoplakia:

1.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "This study shows the positive benefit of vitamin (A,C,E) and nutrition supplementation on the antioxidant enzyme defense system hence prevention of oral carcinogenesis in patients with leukoplakia." 06/01/2010 - "Multiple verrucous leukoplakia later developed in the oral mucosa, for which an oral vitamin A derivative (a retinoid) was intermittently administered. " 02/01/2008 - "The roles of vitamin A in the vocal fold epithelium are not well documented, although vitamin A has been used as a conservative treatment for laryngeal leukoplakia. " 01/01/1990 - "For image analysis, biopsies were taken from leukoplakias of five chewers before administration of vitamin A, at the end of the administration, and four months after termination of treatment. " 09/01/1982 - "[Results in the treatment of leukoplakia with high doses of vitamin A]."
2.	beta Carotene (Betacarotene)FDA Link 01/01/1996 - "In human trials beta-carotene has reversed some lesions such as micronuclei, leukoplakias and dysplasias in the oral cavity, whereas other lesions, e.g. " 09/01/2000 - "Logistic regression analysis with leukoplakia as the dependent variable showed that high serum levels of beta-carotene were related to low risk of oral leukoplakia (odds ratio 0.160, 95% C.I.: 0.029-0.866, P<0.05). " 09/01/1999 - "Apart from chronic diseases, beta-carotene has shown significant therapeutic value in individuals suffering from photosensitivity disorders and provides temporary relief to persons afflicted with leukoplakia. " 01/01/1991 - "Following termination of the beta-carotene or vitamin A administration, micronucleated cells and leukoplakia recurred in the oral cavity of chewers who continued this habit throughout the trial period. " 10/01/1990 - "In 1986, we began a randomized study of 13-cis retinoic acid (1 mg/kg/d) versus beta-carotene (30 mg/d) in leukoplakia. "
3.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1994 - "In patients with leukoplakia, histological changes during treatment showed that, in the tretinoin group, keratinization disappeared in 5 cases and decreased in 5 others. " 01/01/1989 - "A group of 35 patients with leukoplakia of the vulva was treated with 13-cis retinoic acid applied topically. " 01/01/1989 - "Early results of local application of 13-cis retinoic acid in the treatment of leukoplakia of the vulva." 10/01/1973 - "[Local therapy of intraoral leukoplakia with vitamin A acid]." 05/01/1973 - "[Clinical experiences with vitamin A acid derivatives in therapy of leukoplakia of the mouth mucosa]."
4.	TeaIBA 04/01/1999 - "A double-blind intervention trial was conducted in patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia using a mixed tea product developed by the authors. " 11/01/1997 - "Green tea and leukoplakia. " 11/01/2011 - "Mixed tea drinking significantly blocked lesion progress in patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia, therefore, demonstrated its protective effects on oral cancer. " 02/01/2007 - "The available evidence for tea polyphenols tentatively supports their advancement into phase III clinical intervention trials aimed at the prevention of progression of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, leukoplakia or premalignant cervical disease. " 04/01/1999 - "Fifty-nine oral mucosa leukoplakia patients, diagnosed by established clinical and pathological criteria, were randomly divided into a treated group (3 g mixed tea oral administration and topical treatment) and a control group (placebo and glycerin treatment). "
5.	SilverIBA 07/01/2003 - "Cytological smears of 30 smokers without lesion, 30 smokers with leukoplakia, 30 smokers with oral cancer and 30 non-smokers (control group) were studied using one step silver staining method. " 07/01/1997 - "A morphometric study of silver-stained nucleolar organiser regions (NOR) was performed on histological sections from routinely paraffin-embedded blocks of 26 oral biopsy specimens (21 cases of leukoplakia consisting of 13 low, 4 moderate, 4 severe degree of dysplasia, and 5 cases of microinvasive carcinomas). " 09/01/1995 - "The proliferating activity of leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was estimated using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining and silver-binding argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining. " 08/01/1995 - "The proliferative activity of leukoplakia without dysplastic change (LP), epithelial dysplasia (ED), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the oral mucosa was examined by means of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, silver-binding argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining, and the frequency of mitotic figures. " 02/01/2003 - "In a double blind study, clinical leukoplakias from 52 people were diagnosed for presence (DLK) or absence (NDLK) of epithelial dysplasia using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain as a gold standard criterion, and results were compared against their mean silver stainable nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) counts. "
6.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 09/01/2013 - "We conducted a phase I study to determine MTD and DLT of PDT in patients treated with ALA for leukoplakia. " 12/01/1998 - "Twelve patients, who had been suffering from leukoplakia of the oral mucosa for several years, were treated by ALA-mediated PDT. " 12/01/1993 - "Six to eight weeks later treated areas in 10 of the 11 patients showed a complete response to PDT; one patient had areas of residual leukoplakia. " 04/01/1994 - "Eleven patients with recurrent leukoplakia and carcinomas of the larynx were treated with PDT with follow-up to 27 months. " 03/01/2015 - "The addressed focused question was "Is PDT effective in the management of oral premalignant lesions?" PubMed/Medline, Google-Scholar, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched from 1984 till June 2014 using different combinations of the following keywords: photodynamic therapy; oral premalignant lesions; leukoplakia; erythroplakia; erythro-leukoplakia; verrucous hyperplasia; and submucous fibrosis. "
7.	Syndecan-1 (Syndecan 1)IBA 05/01/2013 - "The significant reduction in syndecan-1 expression was observed in leukoplakia as epithelial dysplasia progressed from moderate or severe. " 05/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of syndecan-1 in leukoplakia and OSF and to identify its role as a reliable marker for predicting malignant changes. " 05/01/2013 - "The results reveal that down-regulation of syndecan-1 expression is associated with dysplastic changes in leukoplakia and OSF. " 05/01/2013 - "Immunohistochemical analysis of syndecan-1 in leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis."
8.	Flurbiprofen (Froben)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1996 - "The positive results obtained using collutory flurbiprofen in the aforesaid pathologies prompted the authors to evaluate the efficacy of the product, which is still undergoing trials, also in lichen ruber planus and leukoplakia."
9.	Domperidone (Domperidon)IBA 01/01/2002 - "This clinical endoscopic study is of interest because clinical and endoscopic remission of the disease with a torpid course was achieved in a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease with a continuously recurrent course complicated with leukoplakia under the condition of regular combination of preparations of the base course PPIs (Pariet) + prokinetic agent (Motilium) + antacid (Magalphil), conduction of continuous treatment during 12 weeks and subsequent supporting therapy (Pariet, 20 mg) during 6 months in the weekend treatment mode, as well as adherence to recommendations for changing the lifestyle."
10.	rabeprazole (Aciphex)FDA Link 01/01/2002 - "[A case of the successful treatment of the esophageal leukoplakia with rabeprazole]." 01/01/2002 - "This clinical endoscopic study is of interest because clinical and endoscopic remission of the disease with a torpid course was achieved in a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease with a continuously recurrent course complicated with leukoplakia under the condition of regular combination of preparations of the base course PPIs (Pariet) + prokinetic agent (Motilium) + antacid (Magalphil), conduction of continuous treatment during 12 weeks and subsequent supporting therapy (Pariet, 20 mg) during 6 months in the weekend treatment mode, as well as adherence to recommendations for changing the lifestyle."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Gas Lasers 09/01/1999 - "The purpose of this study was the retrospective evaluation of the treatment results of CO2 laser evaporation for 27 cases of leukoplakia of the lip. " 10/01/2013 - "We present a series of five patients with gingival leukoplakia who were treated with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. " 10/01/2013 - "Lesion characteristics and responses after CO2 laser vaporization in five patients With gingival leukoplakia." 04/01/2013 - "A case report of conservative management of extensive proliferative verrucous leukoplakia using a carbon dioxide laser." 10/01/2011 - "CO2 laser evaporation seems the modality of choice for the treatment of leukoplakia of the oral mucosa."
2.	Lasers (Laser) 11/01/2015 - "This study has identified poor accessibility of the lesion margins as a predictor for early recurrence of leukoplakia following laser removal. " 06/01/2010 - "Therefore, it is recommended to excise or laser any oral of oropharyngeal leukoplakia/erythroplakia, if feasible, irrespective of the presence or absence of dysplasia. " 01/01/2010 - "Multiple-focus lesions, non-homogeneous leukoplakia, high-grade dysplasia and recurrence after laser treatment were significant factors in univariate analysis. " 04/01/2009 - "The general advice is to excise or laser any oral of oropharyngeal leukoplakia/erythroplakia, if feasible, irrespective of the presence or absence of dysplasia. " 03/01/2004 - "The Diomed-25 laser was proved valuable in treating patients with vocal cord leukoplakia."
3.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 01/01/2012 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether clinical healing of a leukoplakia after laser surgery is associated with a normal functional status of the new epithelium and whether pathological alterations in these parameters are related to the risk of local recurrence. " 01/01/2012 - "In conclusion, this is the first prospective study to show that clinical healing of leukoplakia treated by laser surgery may be accompanied by altered cell turnover in 20% of the cases. " 01/01/2010 - "To evaluate the clinically associated factors of malignant transformation in patients who received laser surgery for oral dysplastic leukoplakia. " 06/30/1986 - "Based on this data, since 1981, 92 leukoplakias have been treated by out-patient laser surgery at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milano. " 01/01/1986 - "[Effect of laser therapy on the vulvar tissue of patients with kraurosis and leukoplakia]."
4.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 04/01/2014 - "The photodynamic therapy can be considered an effective treatment in the management of oral verrucous proliferative leukoplakia, but more clinical trials, with prolonged follow-up controls, are necessary to evaluate its effectiveness in the mid and long time period." 04/01/2014 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the topical 5-ALA photodynamic therapy in the treatment of a case of Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. " 04/01/2014 - "Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia treated with the photodynamic therapy: a case report." 03/01/2014 - "At baseline the mean size of leukoplakia lesion was 6.5±5.10cm(2) while after photodynamic therapy 3±2.99cm(2). " 03/01/2013 - "Expression of Bak and Bak/Mcl-1 ratio can predict photodynamic therapy outcome for oral verrucous hyperplasia and leukoplakia."
5.	Dye Lasers 10/01/2014 - "Although long-term results with more patients are required to establish the validity of pulsed-dye laser, this study confirmed the merits of pulsed-dye laser for the en-bloc removal of vocal cord leukoplakia and improved voice outcome." 10/01/2014 - "Vocal cord mucosectomy using pulsed-dye laser was assessed for its ability to completely remove lesions without deterioration of vocal quality in cases of vocal cord leukoplakia. " 10/01/2014 - "Phonatory outcome of 585 nm/pulsed-dye laser in the management of glottic leukoplakia." 01/01/2007 - "This procedure includes pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomas, granulomas, leukoplakia, and polypoid degeneration. "