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Periventricular Leukomalacia (Neonatal Cerebral Leukomalacia)

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Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)

Also Known As:

Neonatal Cerebral Leukomalacia; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Leucomalacia, Periventricular; Cerebral Leukomalacia, Neonatal; Cerebral Leukomalacias, Neonatal; Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacias; Encephalomalacias, Periventricular; Leucomalacias, Periventricular; Leukomalacia, Cystic Periventricular; Leukomalacia, Neonatal Cerebral; Leukomalacias, Cystic Periventricular; Leukomalacias, Neonatal Cerebral; Leukomalacias, Periventricular; Neonatal Cerebral Leukomalacias; Periventricular Encephalomalacia; Periventricular Encephalomalacias; Periventricular Leucomalacia; Periventricular Leucomalacias; Periventricular Leukomalacia, Cystic; Periventricular Leukomalacias; Periventricular Leukomalacias, Cystic; Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia; Encephalomalacia, Periventricular

Networked: 391 relevant articles (10 outcomes, 41 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemorrhage
2.	Lung Diseases (Lung Disease)
3.	Retinopathy of Prematurity (Retrolental Fibroplasia)
4.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
5.	Chorioamnionitis

Experts

1.	Volpe, Joseph J: 10 articles (12/2013 - 05/2002)
2.	Jensen, Frances E: 7 articles (04/2015 - 05/2004)
3.	Chen, Hui-Jin: 6 articles (01/2013 - 06/2008)
4.	Qian, Long-Hua: 6 articles (01/2013 - 06/2008)
5.	Rosenberg, Paul A: 5 articles (03/2014 - 05/2004)
6.	Ehrenkranz, Richard A: 5 articles (12/2011 - 07/2002)
7.	Ohlsson, A: 5 articles (01/2008 - 01/2000)
8.	Vohr, Betty R: 4 articles (12/2011 - 04/2003)
9.	Stoll, Barbara J: 4 articles (12/2011 - 07/2002)
10.	Fanaroff, Avroy A: 4 articles (12/2011 - 07/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Periventricular Leukomalacia:

1.	ROPIBA 11/01/2012 - "Periventricular leukomalacia did not increase the severity of ROP or requirement of ROP treatment. " 01/01/2003 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate longitudinal stability of motor development and its association with birthweight (BW), gestational age at birth, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). " 03/01/2015 - "To characterize concurrent retinal vessel pathologies reminiscent to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), in order to identify uniform damage pathways in both organs, the eye and the brain. " 11/01/2012 - "To investigate the correlation between periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which are complications of perinatal and postnatal hypoxic-ischemic insults in premature infants. " 12/01/2001 - "The artificial ventilation for more than 5 days, chronic lung disease and periventricular leukomalacia were significant risk factors associated with highest rate of ROP. "
2.	Erythropoietin FDA Link 01/01/2008 - "Pretreatment with low doses of erythropoietin ameliorates brain damage in periventricular leukomalacia by targeting late oligodendrocyte progenitors: a rat model." 08/01/2010 - "In this study we prepared nanocarrier of erythropoietin (EPO) and the curative effect of the EPO-containing nanoparticles for periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) model was validated. " 02/01/2008 - "This article reports the results of a study on the relationship between cord blood levels of erythropoietin and periventricular leukomalacia. " 02/01/2008 - "Erythropoietin levels were not different between those with and those without periventricular leukomalacia." 02/01/2008 - "A pilot study on cord blood levels of erythropoietin and its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants."
3.	Nitric Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide)FDA Link 04/01/2011 - "Children treated with inhaled nitric oxide had previously been shown to have decreased intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia as newborns and decreased cognitive impairment at 2 years (L.W. " 07/25/2006 - "Both p75TNFalphaR2 and p55TNFalphaR1 receptors and nitric oxide may be implicated in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia." 11/27/2003 - "There was no significant difference between the nitric oxide and placebo groups in the overall incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (33.3 percent and 38.2 percent, respectively), but the group given inhaled nitric oxide had a lower incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (12.4 percent vs. 23.5 percent; relative risk, 0.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.98; P=0.04). " 12/01/2008 - "Although inhaled nitric oxide-mediated decreases in chronic lung disease and severe intraventricular hemorrhage/periventricular leukomalacia undoubtedly contribute to improved neurodevelopmental outcomes, inhaled nitric oxide has an independent neuroprotective effect. " 07/07/2005 - "In a previous randomized, controlled, single-center trial of premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, inhaled nitric oxide decreased the risk of death or chronic lung disease as well as severe intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia. "
4.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2001 - "Antenatal steroids and neonatal periventricular leukomalacia." 01/01/2011 - "In clinical chorioamnionitis (four studies), antenatal steroids were associated with reduced severe IVH (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.10-0.89; P = 0.03) and periventricular leucomalacia (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.14-0.85; P = 0.02). " 01/01/2003 - "No negative effect of antenatal steroids to higher frequency of infection complications and/or periventricular leukomalacia was observed." 01/01/2001 - "Logistic regression analysis of antenatal steroid treatment, controlling for confounding maternal and neonatal characteristics, indicated that neonates treated with antenatal steroids had a 56% lower likelihood of periventricular leukomalacia with intraventricular hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25, 0.77) and a 58% lower likelihood of isolated periventricular leukomalacia (adjusted OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.20, 0.88). " 01/01/2001 - "Antenatal steroids were associated with significantly less periventricular leukomalacia or intraventricular hemorrhage (23% versus 31%, P =.005), periventricular leukomalacia with intraventricular hemorrhage (5% versus 11%, P =.001), and isolated periventricular leukomalacia (3% versus 7%, P =.009). "
5.	GlucocorticoidsIBA 11/01/2011 - "Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids can compromise brain growth and is associated with periventricular leukomalacia, attentions deficits and poorer cognitive performance. " 12/01/2006 - "Both these measures have been associated with improved outcomes; antepartum glucocorticoids reduce the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia and necrotising enterocolitis, and in utero transfer is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality and less hospital-based intervention compared with postnatal transportation. " 09/01/2002 - "A study of the influence of single or repeated doses of glucocorticoids when creating excitotoxic lesions in mice pups, mimicking some aspects of periventricular leucomalacia and cortical-subcortical stroke as observed in human neonates. "
6.	alpha- Amino- 3- hydroxy- 5- methyl- 4- isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA)IBA 01/01/2008 - "Animal experiments provided evidence for the potential usefulness of non-competitive AMPA antagonists in the treatment of human ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, periventricular leukomalacia and motoneuron disease. " 07/01/2005 - "In contrast, periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants has been linked to expression of AMPA/kainate receptors on immature oligodendrocytes. " 05/05/2004 - "Taken together, these results suggest that AMPA-kainate receptor blockade may have potential for translation as a therapeutic strategy for periventricular leukomalacia and that the mechanism of protective efficacy of topiramate is caused at least in part by attenuation of excitotoxic injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes in developing white matter." 05/05/2004 - "We have demonstrated previously the protective effect of AMPA-kainate-type glutamate receptor blockade in a rodent model of periventricular leukomalacia. " 01/15/2008 - "Damage to oligodendrocytes caused by glutamate release contributes to mental or physical handicap in periventricular leukomalacia, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, and has been attributed to activation of AMPA/kainate receptors. "
7.	Memantine (Namenda)FDA Link 09/01/2011 - "[Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and memantine on long-term prognosis in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia]." 06/25/2008 - "NMDA receptor blockade with memantine attenuates white matter injury in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia." 09/01/2011 - "To evaluate the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and memantine on the long-term prognosis in neonatal rats with ischemia-induced periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). " 11/27/2012 - "Periventricular leukomalacia long-term prognosis may be improved by treatment with UDP-glucose, GDNF, and memantine in neonatal rats." 12/01/2012 - "To evaluate pathologically the effect of the single or combined application of UDP-glucose, GDNF and memantine on the improvement of white matter injury in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) under light and electron microscopy. "
8.	Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)IBA 09/01/2011 - "[Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and memantine on long-term prognosis in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia]." 09/01/2011 - "To evaluate the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and memantine on the long-term prognosis in neonatal rats with ischemia-induced periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). " 11/27/2012 - "Periventricular leukomalacia long-term prognosis may be improved by treatment with UDP-glucose, GDNF, and memantine in neonatal rats." 12/01/2012 - "To evaluate pathologically the effect of the single or combined application of UDP-glucose, GDNF and memantine on the improvement of white matter injury in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) under light and electron microscopy. " 11/27/2012 - "The therapeutic effects of UDP-glucose (UDPG), an endogenous agonist of GPR17 that may promote the self-repair of white matter, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a neurotrophic factor correlated with the growth and survival of nerve cells, and memantine, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, were evaluated for functional improvement of neonatal rats with experimental periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). "
9.	Kainic Acid Receptors (Kainate Receptor)IBA 07/01/2005 - "In contrast, periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants has been linked to expression of AMPA/kainate receptors on immature oligodendrocytes. " 05/05/2004 - "Taken together, these results suggest that AMPA-kainate receptor blockade may have potential for translation as a therapeutic strategy for periventricular leukomalacia and that the mechanism of protective efficacy of topiramate is caused at least in part by attenuation of excitotoxic injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes in developing white matter." 01/15/2008 - "Damage to oligodendrocytes caused by glutamate release contributes to mental or physical handicap in periventricular leukomalacia, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, and has been attributed to activation of AMPA/kainate receptors. "
10.	Uridine Diphosphate Glucose (UDP Glucose)IBA 11/27/2012 - "Periventricular leukomalacia long-term prognosis may be improved by treatment with UDP-glucose, GDNF, and memantine in neonatal rats." 12/01/2012 - "To evaluate pathologically the effect of the single or combined application of UDP-glucose, GDNF and memantine on the improvement of white matter injury in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) under light and electron microscopy. " 11/27/2012 - "The therapeutic effects of UDP-glucose (UDPG), an endogenous agonist of GPR17 that may promote the self-repair of white matter, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a neurotrophic factor correlated with the growth and survival of nerve cells, and memantine, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, were evaluated for functional improvement of neonatal rats with experimental periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Neonatal Intensive Care 09/01/1985 - "During a 2-year study period, 628 preterm infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit underwent serial sonographic brain scanning; periventricular leukomalacia was diagnosed in eight infants (1.2%). " 12/01/2004 - "Subjects were 23 high-risk low birthweight infants (periventricular leukomalacia 15, intraventricular haemorrhage 5, both 3) receiving care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Nagasaki University Hospital. " 06/01/2004 - "Despite rapid advances in the management of preterm infants, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) remains a considerable problem in neonatal intensive care. " 08/01/1998 - "Three hundred and forty-nine infants admitted to a Division of Neonatal Intensive Care who were screened for periventricular leukomalacia. " 03/01/1985 - "However, recently, a third entity, the periventricular leukomalacia complex (PLC) was described and was seen in 31 percent of 61 premature infants coming to autopsy from the University of Connecticut Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NBIC) and in several other centers. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 03/01/1998 - "However new evidences arose in the last few years showing that particular association of WS with Down Syndrome (DS), type 1 Neurofibromatosis (NF1) and cerebral palsy (CP) with periventricular leukomalacia (PL) tend to behave as cryptogenic or idiopathic cases showing control of infantile spasms (IS) and disappearance of hypsarrhythmia after treatment. " 12/01/2002 - "Initial (<or=4 days of age) postnatal cranial US was abnormal in 13 of 27 cases: antenatal brain lesion in 9 of 13 patients (7 of 13 donors, 2 of 14 recipients); after treatment: antenatal hemorrhage (n=6), hydrocephaly (n=1), subependymal germinolysis (n=1), lenticulostriatal vasculopathy (n=1), evidence for brain atrophy (n=2), cystic periventricular leukomalacia in<3 days (n=1); peri/postnatal brain lesions in 4 of 13 patients (hemorrhage (n=3), and periventricular leukomalacia (n=1). " 05/01/2000 - "We report on a 16-year-old girl with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy associated with premature birth and typical periventricular leukomalacia, who had a dramatic improvement in motor function after treatment with carbidopa/levodopa. "
3.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 03/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between mechanical ventilation and hypocarbia in infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). " 07/01/2009 - "The main etiologies or risk factors for CP in preterm children were periventricular leukomalacia (PVL, 58%), multiple births (25%) and mechanical ventilation (45%). " 10/01/2002 - "We prospectively investigated the relation among cerebral blood flow, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and hypocarbia using Doppler ultrasonography in 53 preterm infants with gestational age between 27 and 34 weeks who required mechanical ventilation during the first 72 h of life. " 12/01/2001 - "The Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP) was calculated in nine preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) whose initial electroencephalograms showed grade IV depression (PVL group), 18 preterm infants who did not require mechanical ventilation during the neonatal period, Spontaneous respiration (SR group), and 18 preterm infants who required mechanical ventilation (MV group). " 03/01/2001 - "Hypocarbia in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia: the relation between hypocarbia and mechanical ventilation."
4.	Ligation 02/01/2008 - "Corresponding figures for other significant risk factors were as follows: severe grades of intraventricular haemorrhage (2.7; 1.2-5.9), presence of periventricular leukomalacia (4.5; 2.1-9.3), patent ductus arteriosus requiring ligation (2.8; 1.3-6.1), severe grades of retinopathy of prematurity (2.4; 1.0-5.6), and severe grades of necrotising enterocolitis (3.2; 1.6-6.3). " 03/01/2005 - "No statistically significant differences were found in mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, surgical ligation, sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, length of hospital stay, gastrointestinal bleeding, re-opening of PDA, back-up treatment, surfactant therapy, or days on a ventilator. " 01/01/2014 - "We compared outcomes of both agents for in-hospital mortality, need for surgical ligation, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, renal failure, and persistent pulmonary hypertension. " 02/01/2004 - "Significant independent predictors of neonatal seizures were decreasing gestational age, male gender, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary air leak (pneumothorax and pulmonary interstitial emphysema), intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, patent ductus arteriosus, surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, and surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. " 06/01/2005 - "Risk factors for CP on matched analyses included patent ductus arteriosus requiring surgical ligation, peri-intraventricular haemorrhage, moderate to severe ventricular dilatation, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and need for home oxygen. "
5.	Analgesia 04/01/2005 - "Secondary analyses of data from the NEurologic Outcomes and Pre-emptive Analgesia In Neonates (NEOPAIN) trial (n=898) were performed to evaluate the effect of inborn versus outborn delivery on neonatal outcomes, including the occurrence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), chronic lung disease (CLD), and mortality. " 05/22/2004 - "We undertook the Neurologic Outcomes and Pre-emptive Analgesia in Neonates (NEOPAIN) trial to investigate whether pre-emptive morphine analgesia decreases the rate of a composite primary outcome of neonatal death, severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), and periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) in preterm neonates. "