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Learning Disorders (Learning Disability)

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Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia.

Also Known As:

Learning Disability; Learning Disabilities; Learning Disorder; Disability, Learning; Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills; Academic Disorder, Developmental; Adult Learning Disorders; Learning Disorders, Adult; Learning Disturbance; Scholastic Skills Development Disorders; Academic Disorders, Developmental; Adult Learning Disorder; Developmental Academic Disorders; Disabilities, Learning; Disturbance, Learning; Disturbances, Learning; Learning Disorder, Adult; Learning Disturbances; Developmental Academic Disorder

Networked: 671 relevant articles (24 outcomes, 89 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
2.	Epilepsy (Aura)
3.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
4.	Down Syndrome (Down's Syndrome)
5.	Airway Obstruction (Choking)

Experts

1.	Bloom, Barbara: 9 articles (12/2013 - 02/2006)
2.	Freeman, Gulnur: 6 articles (12/2013 - 12/2006)
3.	Cohen, Robin A: 6 articles (12/2012 - 09/2007)
4.	Klein, Rachel G: 5 articles (07/2004 - 07/2004)
5.	Hechtman, Lily: 5 articles (07/2004 - 07/2004)
6.	Abikoff, Howard: 5 articles (07/2004 - 07/2004)
7.	Karande, Sunil: 4 articles (01/2013 - 10/2004)
8.	Schroeder, Darrell R: 4 articles (11/2011 - 04/2009)
9.	Katusic, Slavica K: 4 articles (11/2011 - 04/2009)
10.	Flick, Randall P: 4 articles (11/2011 - 04/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Learning Disorders:

1.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1982 - "Four groups of children referred for attention disorders, learning disorders, or both were blindly titrated at statistically equivalent dosage levels of methylphenidate and improved more or less equivalently on several measures of attentiveness (cognitive style tests and reaction time). " 11/01/2006 - "Parents completed the Conners' Abbreviated Rating Scale (ABRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), learning disability questionnaires, and reported use and efficacy of methylphenidate. " 02/01/2014 - "To explore treatment response to Osmotic Release Oral System(®) (OROS) methylphenidate in children with ADHD with and without comorbid learning disability (LD). " 02/01/2014 - "Methylphenidate in children with ADHD with or without learning disability." 07/01/2004 - "One hundred three children with ADHD (ages 7-9), free of conduct and learning disorders, who responded to short-term methylphenidate therapy were randomized for 2 years to receive either (1) methylphenidate treatment alone; (2) methylphenidate plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling, social skills training, academic assistance, and psychotherapy; or (3) methylphenidate plus attention control treatment. "
2.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2009 - "The health visiting teams identified clinically significant numbers of parents with learning disabilities and--through qualitative focus group discussion--suggested a significant need for intervention and support for these parents, greater resources and knowledge within health visiting services, and improved interagency co-ordination and communication." 01/01/2015 - "As the literature is scarce regarding co-morbid conditions in learning disability in Indian scenario, the present study has tried to focus on Indian population. " 01/01/2013 - "The study investigated whether carers of children with learning disabilities had any knowledge of organisational changes that occurred as a result of co-locating services. " 01/01/2013 - "The paper aims to report the findings of a study of two learning disabilities services in Wales that undertook co-location in a children development centre. " 11/01/2012 - "The current study, therefore, is an attempt to identify children with learning disorders and explore the prevalence of the problem and etiological factors e.g., family environment, social factors and developmental issues of child and associated co-morbidities. "
3.	sulthiame (sultiam)IBA 01/01/2006 - "Recently, 21 patients without epilepsy but with attention deficit and hyperactivity and/or learning disorders were studied: an open treatment trial with sulthiame resulted in improved sustained and selective attention. " 08/01/2002 - "This prospective uncontrolled open study explored the efficacy and long-term tolerability of sulthiame (STM) in 52 patients with refractory epilepsy and learning disability. " 08/01/2002 - "Sulthiame in adults with refractory epilepsy and learning disability: an open trial."
4.	Neurotransmitter Agents (Neurotransmitter)IBA 05/01/1999 - "[Neurochemical and neurotransmitter studies in patients with learning disabilities]." 03/01/2000 - "The underlying neural anatomy and physiology support the possibility that neurotransmitter pathology may have an impact on other interlinked systems (including language), and may also account for the frequent comorbidity of aggression, anxiety, depression, and learning disabilities (many of which are language-related). " 01/01/2014 - "Treatment with methylphenidate (MPD) has improved learning disabilities in ADHD by acting on neurotransmitters. " 04/01/2000 - "It has been postulated that the significant incidence of learning disabilities in well-treated patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) may be due, in part, to reduced production of neurotransmitters as a result of deficient tyrosine transport across the neuronal cell membrane. " 01/01/1997 - "The evidence is reviewed to support the concept that many disruptive, childhood and adolescent behavioral disorders including ADHD, Tourette syndrome, learning disabilities, substance abuse, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are part of a spectrum of inter-related behaviors that have a strong genetic component, are polygenically inherited, share a number of genes in common that affect dopamine, serotonin and other neurotransmitters, and are transmitted from both parents. "
5.	MelatoninIBA 12/12/2007 - "Melatonin prevents learning disorders in brain-lesioned newborn mice." 06/01/2000 - "Institutionalized children, and those with severe learning disorders, often have irregular sleep-wake patterns, and there is evidence that melatonin can result in improvement to the benefit of both the child and the carers. " 12/12/2007 - "Thus, melatonin, which easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been proven safe in children, may be effective in preventing learning disabilities caused by perinatal brain injuries in human preterm infants." 12/12/2007 - "The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the neuroprotector melatonin in preventing learning disabilities in newborn mice with ibotenate-induced brain injury. "
6.	Clozapine (Clozaril)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "More community-based long-term randomised trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of clozapine on global and social functioning as trials in special groups such as people with learning disabilities." 10/01/2012 - "Clozapine's anti-aggressive effect was most commonly explored in patients with schizophrenia, with less evidence available for other psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder, autistic spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and learning disability. "
7.	Mesylates (Mesylate)IBA 05/01/1988 - "A double-blind placebo-controlled study in children showed codergocrine mesylate to be effective in improving cognitive functions and behavioural symptoms associated with learning disorders. "
8.	Psychotropic Drugs (Psychoactive Drugs)IBA 01/01/1997 - "In January 1997, the British Association for Psychopharmacology convened a Round Table meeting to look at issues surrounding the prescription of psychotropic drugs to children or individuals with learning disabilities. " 08/01/1996 - "Many published accounts of drug review programmes have reported reductions in the prescribing of psychotropic drugs prescribed for people with learning disabilities. " 12/01/1969 - "Psychotropic drugs have a relatively limited place in the management of learning disorders but may be immensely valuable in some cases by helping to control specific behavior problems which interfere with learning processes. " 01/01/1997 - "This followed reports in the UK media about increasing rates of prescription to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children who are depressed as well as concerns regarding the prescription of psychotropic drugs to both children and adults with learning disabilities. " 01/01/2008 - "There was a significantly greater occurrence of choking among people with more severe learning disability, with Down syndrome, people who had an incomplete dentition or were taking a greater number of psychotropic drugs. "
9.	Midazolam (Versed)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1998 - "We present two cases, both are adults with a learning disability, who have benefited significantly from the use of intranasal midazolam. " 07/26/2008 - "Retrospective audit of the efficacy and safety of the combined intranasal/intravenous midazolam sedation technique for the dental treatment of adults with learning disability." 05/01/2000 - "This paper demonstrates how oral midazolam can be employed as an alternative method of behaviour management to general anaesthesia for the dental treatment of people with learning disabilities. " 05/01/2000 - "Oral midazolam for adults with learning disabilities." 05/01/2007 - "Premedication with buccal midazolam in children and in adults with learning disabilities."
10.	Scopolamine (Hyoscine)FDA Link 10/01/2012 - "Scopolamine was used to establish the acquired learning disability in mice. " 10/01/2012 - "Acteoside can significantly alleviate the acquired learning disability in mice induced by scopolamine. " 10/01/2012 - "Mice were administered with acteoside for 10 d in advance to alleviate the acquired learning disability induced by scopolamine. " 03/01/2005 - "Dilept eliminated learning disturbances in the extrapolation avoidance test, caused by chronic injections of scopolamine alone and in combination with madopar to rats. " 08/01/1999 - "Korean red ginseng saponins with low ratios of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponin improve scopolamine-induced learning disability and spatial working memory in mice."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 06/01/1981 - "This article reviews 44 studies that investigated the efficacy of biofeedback techniques in treating childhood behavioral and learning disorders. " 03/01/1993 - "Ten years ago, the first successful application of a clinical, private-practice based, EEG 14-Hz biofeedback training regimen for the treatment of learning disorders was performed by the author. " 11/01/1985 - "Overall, the main effect of this procedure, for the biofeedback and subsequent conditioning of increased 14 Hz neural discharge patterns over the central Rolandic cortex in a clinical office setting, seems to be to increase bilateral sensorimotor transactions resulting in substantive remediation of the learning disabilities of the recipients of such training--by way of internally exercising of, and/or recruitment of additional neural activation within, the sensorimotor subnetwork/matrix. " 11/01/1985 - "Eight boys, ages 7 years 11 months to 15 years 3 months, were provided with long-term--symptom duration--sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training for the remediation of their learning disabilities. " 11/01/1985 - "Brainwave signatures--an index reflective of the brain's functional neuroanatomy: further findings on the effect of EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training on the neurologic precursors of learning disabilities."
2.	Occupational Therapy (Therapy, Occupational) 03/01/2003 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate whether occupational therapy intervention that focused on teaching children to use word processing, either alone or with word prediction, was effective in improving the written communication skills of children with learning disabilities and handwriting problems. " 09/01/2005 - "This article is a work of collaborative ethnography about teaching and learning disability studies within the context of an occupational therapy graduate program. " 03/01/2013 - "These factors combined with the forecasted increase in the number of people with incontinence prompted us to undertake a survey of all UK Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) to establish the amount of undergraduate continence education within relevant healthcare programs--medical, adult nursing, mental health nursing, learning disabilities nursing, children's nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy. " 03/01/2003 - "Occupational therapy intervention involving word processing with word prediction improves the legibility and spelling of written assignments completed by some children with learning disabilities and handwriting difficulties. " 12/01/1991 - "This paper discusses three major issues in the provision of occupational therapy services to persons with learning disabilities and/or mild to moderate perceptual and motor deficits. "
3.	Dental Care 07/26/2008 - "This paper proposes that the technique described is safe and effective in providing a good standard of dental care for adults with severe learning disability." 12/01/2013 - "To test a theoretical model based on Cohen's dental profession factors (training; practitioner attitudes; geography) to investigate practitioners' willingness to treat adolescents with learning disabilities (LD) in primary dental care. " 07/26/2008 - "The provision of dental care for adults with severe learning disability presents problems. " 04/08/2000 - "The dental care of people with severe learning disability and challenging behaviour presents many problems. " 12/01/2013 - "Topics included are asthma, allergies, learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), prescription medication use for at least 3 months, respondent-assessed health status, school days missed due to illness or injury, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, selected measures of health care access, emergency room (ER) visits, dental care, and special education or early intervention services. "
4.	Massage (Reflexology) 07/15/2014 - "This article describes the introduction of abdominal massage techniques by a community team as part of a total bowel management programme for people with learning disabilities. " 07/26/2001 - "Abdominal massage for adults with learning disabilities." 06/01/1997 - "This paper is an investigation into the efficacy of four therapeutic treatment procedures increasingly used with people with profound learning disabilities: snoezelen, hand massage/aromatherapy, relaxation, and active therapy (a bouncy castle). "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 08/01/1990 - "Improvement in academic performance associated with improved cognitive function after treatment-induced remission of a depressive episode can be dramatic, with resolution of apparent learning disability. " 02/15/2003 - "Children who are diagnosed with cancer should be followed closely during and after treatment to identify early signs of learning disabilities and to maximize intervention strategies for the successful completion of scholastic goals."