Premature Obstetric Labor (Premature Labor)

Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).

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Networked: 2984 relevant articles (145 outcomes, 425 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Rupture
3.	Premature Birth (Birth, Premature)
4.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)
5.	Birth Weight (Birth Weights)

Experts

1.	Romero, Roberto: 62 articles (02/2016 - 11/2002)
2.	Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn: 38 articles (02/2016 - 11/2002)
3.	Hassan, Sonia S: 29 articles (02/2016 - 01/2007)
4.	Kusanovic, Juan Pedro: 29 articles (07/2012 - 01/2007)
5.	Erez, Offer: 25 articles (06/2015 - 10/2005)
6.	Vaisbuch, Edi: 22 articles (12/2010 - 01/2002)
7.	Slotkin, Theodore A: 21 articles (12/2015 - 07/2003)
8.	Seidler, Frederic J: 21 articles (12/2015 - 07/2003)
9.	Gotsch, Francesca: 21 articles (04/2014 - 06/2007)
10.	Yoon, Bo Hyun: 20 articles (02/2016 - 11/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Premature Obstetric Labor:

1.	Ritodrine (Yutopar)FDA Link 02/01/2006 - "To assess the efficacy of oral ritodrine in the form of sustained-release capsules for maintenance of uterine quiescence after successful treatment of threatened preterm labor. " 09/01/1994 - "Initial parenteral therapy with intramuscular ritodrine hydrochloride is safe and effective and may provide an alternative to intravenous therapy and a means of managing preterm labor during interhospital transport of a patient." 01/01/2014 - "This study aimed to evaluate the effects of β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene polymorphisms on ritodrine therapy outcomes in patients with preterm labor. " 03/08/2013 - "Therefore, our study provides a method for sensitive and early detection of hepatic injury, and may thus help preclude serious liver damage due to ritodrine use in preterm labor." 06/01/1991 - "In order to prove the usefulness of the left-lateral position (l-lat.) in preventing the cardiovascular complications associated with ritodrine, twenty-nine patients having preterm labor were employed as the subjects of this study. "
2.	Nifedipine (Adalat)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "The use of Nifedipine therapy in patients with preterm labor between 24-34 weeks of gestational age can be effective in the postponement of labor for 48 hours so that the patient can receive corticosteroid fetal lung maturation therapy. " 08/01/2000 - "Nifedipine as a safe and effective tocolytic agent in the treatment of preterm labor." 01/01/2005 - "A large randomized trial fulfilling the quality items is necessary to assess the real efficacy of nifedipine in preterm labor." 10/01/2015 - "Study Design A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial on maintenance nifedipine includes women who remained undelivered after threatened preterm labor for 48 hours. " 10/01/2011 - "This study was done to compare isoxpurine hydrochloride and nifedipine as tocolytic drugs for preterm labor. "
3.	Magnesium Sulfate (Sulfate, Magnesium)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2009 - "Magnesium sulfate is effective in delaying delivery for at least 48 hours in patients with preterm labor when used in higher dosages. " 02/01/1984 - "Magnesium sulfate has been recommended as a safe and effective agent for inhibiting preterm labor. " 01/01/1995 - "In conclusion, guidelines for prescribing intravenous magnesium sulfate to inhibit premature labor in singletons are equally safe and effective for twin gestations." 03/01/2000 - "This study was conducted to observe the relationship between the alteration of 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha and TXB2 in cervical mucus of patients with threatened preterm labor and the efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment, and to examine whether they could act as markers of efficacy and prognosis in treatment of preterm labor. " 03/01/1992 - "To observe the efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of preterm labor, 65 uncomplicated cases of preterm labor between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation were studied prospectively during Sep. "
4.	Terbutaline (Brethaire)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2003 - "In this population, continuous subcutaneous terbutaline infusion was both a clinically beneficial and cost-effective treatment following recurrent preterm labor." 10/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of serious adverse events in patients receiving continuous subcutaneous terbutaline after arrested preterm labor. " 06/01/2003 - "This study was undertaken to study the effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous terbutaline (SQT) in the home after recurrent preterm labor (RPTL). " 01/01/2002 - "Randomized trials comparing terbutaline pump maintenance therapy with alternative therapy, placebo, or no therapy after threatened preterm labor. " 02/01/1990 - "The aim of this study was to examine the fetal hemodynamic effects of terbutaline treatment and premature labor. "
5.	Fibronectins (Fibronectin)IBA 04/01/1997 - "Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin detected by a rapid bedside swab-test in women with symptoms of preterm labor compares favourably with quantitative assays and could prove useful in the management of preterm labor. " 02/01/2005 - "In a population of patients with signs and symptoms of preterm labor, the presence of cervical fetal fibronectin is effective in predicting risk of delivery within 7, 14, or 21 days. " 02/01/2003 - "Studies of cervical sonography, fetal fibronectin, and uterine contraction monitoring during pregnancy have improved our understanding of how preterm labor occurs, but their use in practice remains uncertain. " 10/01/2005 - "A randomized multicenter study to determine the efficacy of activity restriction for preterm labor management in patients testing negative for fetal fibronectin." 01/01/1996 - "The results for the prediction of preterm labor differ according to whether we consider a single positive result (fetal fibronectin > 50 ng/ml) as predictive of preterm labor or whether we only consider at least two consecutive positive results as predictive of perterm labor. "
6.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/15/1980 - "Indomethacin was significantly more effective than placebo in inhibition of premature labor during a 24-hour course of therapy, with treatment failure during therapy occurring in only one of 15 indomethacin-treated patients compared to nine of 15 placebo-treated patients (p less than 0.01). " 04/01/1993 - "Indomethacin was effective in 10 cases of premature labor, and gestation was prolonged by 52.6 +/- 19.2 days. " 11/01/1993 - "The short-term use of indomethacin has been shown to be relatively safe and effective in halting premature labor. " 04/01/2000 - "To compare the efficacy of intravaginal and intrarectal plus oral indomethacin for the treatment of preterm labor. " 08/01/2004 - "The concept of local myometrial delivery of indomethacin, possibly via slow release systems, may prove clinically useful as an adjuvant to its systemic administration in preterm labor prevention after fetal surgery, warranting further trials in vivo."
7.	atosibanIBA 01/01/1998 - "Goodwin et al compared the effect of Atosiban to placebo in threatening preterm labor and the antagonist was in this trial significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the frequency of contractions (55% vs. 23%, p < 0.001). " 01/01/2007 - "To compare the efficacy of atosiban with usual management of threatened preterm labor. " 10/01/2001 - "This study supports the clinical use of atosiban in the treatment of preterm labor." 05/01/2000 - "A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was designed for patients in preterm labor who responded to early intravenous treatment with atosiban. " 05/01/2000 - "This study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of atosiban with those of placebo maintenance therapy in women with preterm labor who achieved uterine quiescence with intravenous atosiban. "
8.	Tocolytic Agents (Tocolytics)IBA 07/01/1999 - "The objective was to perform a systematic review of prospective randomized trials evaluating the efficacy of oral tocolytics in the prevention of recurrent preterm labor and its associated complications. " 10/01/2005 - "Understanding the mechanisms involved may lead to design of tocolytics that target multiple pathways and achieve improved suppression of premature labor." 11/01/1999 - "Although tocolytics prolong pregnancy, they have not been shown to improve perinatal or neonatal outcomes and have adverse effects on women in preterm labor." 07/01/1990 - "The safety and efficacy of tocolytic agents for the treatment of preterm labor." 04/01/1983 - "Natural improvement in the evolution of a disease may lead to exaggerated claims for the benefits of treatment; experience with perinatal death attributed to spontaneous preterm labor in this large unit suggests that current enthusiasm for tocolytic agents may well be misplaced."
9.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2014 - "To evaluate the efficacy of maintenance therapy with oral micronized progesterone (OMP) for prolongation of pregnancy in cases of arrested preterm labor. " 05/01/2005 - "At present no evidence exists for the efficacy of any oral progesterone compound in preventing preterm labor. " 01/01/2014 - "Clinical results on the use of additive doses of progesterone in secondary prevention of preterm labor and current experimental studies point to progesterone and its receptors playing a key role in the pathophysiology of preterm labor. " 11/01/2009 - "Recent clinical trials have demonstrated a beneficial effect of supplementation with progesterone to prevent preterm labor. " 01/01/2009 - "Furthermore, a third trial showed a positive effect on women with a short cervix at 23 weeks, and a fourth study showed that progesterone reduces the risk of preterm delivery in women with preterm labor. "
10.	Oxytocin Receptors (Oxytocin Receptor)IBA 09/01/2000 - "These results indicate that the combination of an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxidase H synthase type 2 with an oxytocin receptor antagonist is more effective in inhibition of preterm labor than is treatment with a prostaglandin endoperoxidase H synthase type 2 inhibitor alone. " 07/01/2007 - "These results provide further evidence that selective oxytocin receptor antagonism may offer an effective treatment for preterm labor." 07/01/2015 - "Retosiban is a small molecule oxytocin receptor antagonist that is under evaluation in clinical studies for treatment of spontaneous preterm labor. " 07/01/2003 - "We conclude that compound 1 is a potent, selective, and orally active nonpeptide oxytocin receptor antagonist, which is a suitable candidate for evaluation as a potential tocolytic agent for the management of preterm labor." 07/20/2001 - "Understanding of the molecular determinants responsible for antagonist binding to the oxytocin receptor should provide important insights that facilitate rational design of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of preterm labor. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Tocolysis 12/01/1998 - "Our data revealed that the maternal serum IL-8, IL-6 and CRP determinations are very useful in the predicting of the efficacy of tocolytic therapy in women with threatened preterm labor. " 08/01/1999 - "We supplemented a search of entries in electronic databases with references cited in original studies and review articles to identify randomized trials assessing the efficacy of maintenance tocolytic therapy after resolution of the acute preterm labor episode. " 08/01/1999 - "Our purpose was to analyze published randomized trials assessing the efficacy of maintenance tocolytic therapy after short-term tocolysis in patients with acute preterm labor. " 01/01/2014 - "In women with preterm labor, tocolysis has not been shown to improve perinatal mortality; however, it is often given for 48 hours to allow for the corticosteroid effect for fetal maturation. " 01/01/2011 - "In women with preterm labor, tocolysis has not been shown to improve perinatal mortality; however, it is often given for 48 hours to allow for the corticosteroid effect for fetal maturation. "
2.	Bed Rest (Bedrest) 07/01/1981 - "The evidence indicates that this procedure is no more effective in arresting preterm labor than placebo, i.e., bed rest. " 01/01/2008 - "The aim of our study was to overcome such limitations by using hospitalized bedrest for preterm labor/birth-related indications as an unbiased measure of restricted activity and evaluate its effect on the development of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. " 07/01/2002 - "The purpose of this qualitative study was threefold: to investigate the effectiveness of a 'virtual focus group" as a mechanism for collecting qualitative data, to explore the lived experience of pregnant women confined to home bed rest following a diagnosis of preterm labor, and to assess the value of the virtual focus group as an online peer support group for women on home bed rest. " 12/01/1992 - "Although conditioning exercise programs are recommended for patients confined to bed rest, no studies have been reported that have evaluated the effects of exercise on uterine activity in women with preterm labor. " 02/01/2009 - "Despite the belief that bed rest is associated with minimal or no benefit, most maternal-fetal medicine specialists recommend bed rest for arrested preterm labor and PPROM. "
3.	Prenatal Care 09/01/2013 - "According to the programs that reduced the number of referrals of pregnant mothers (standardization protocol for mothers in Iran), this study confirms the efficacy of adequacy of prenatal care on reducing preterm labor and low birth weight. " 05/01/2014 - "One of the new indices to assess the adequacy of care is Revised Graduated Index of Prenatal Care Utilization (R-GINDEX).The study aims to assess the relationship between quantitative prenatal care factors and preterm labor and low birth weight using R-GINDEX. " 10/01/1991 - "In this study 377 women at risk for preterm labor from three centers were prospectively, randomly assigned to high-risk prenatal care alone (not monitored) or to the same care with twice-daily home uterine activity monitoring without increased nursing support (monitored). " 01/01/2015 - "Patient presented with the second pregnancy and had uncomplicated prenatal care and did not have signs of preterm labor; fetus showed appropriate growth and the pregnancy was carried in the left uterus. " 05/01/2014 - "Relationship between Revised Graduated Index (R-GINDEX) of prenatal care utilization & preterm labor and low birth weight."
4.	Cervical Cerclage 11/01/2012 - "For patients with cervical cerclage, fFN testing is a valid diagnostic tool in the evaluation of preterm labor." 02/01/2012 - "Placement of a cervical cerclage at mid-trimester in women at risk for preterm labor is a common procedure with apparent benefits for some women. " 10/01/2011 - "There are reports in which cervical cerclage has been shown to prevent preterm labor in uterine anomalies. " 04/01/2000 - "To determine whether gravidas with short cervical length on endovaginal ultrasound examination, not in preterm labor, who underwent cervical cerclage have better outcomes compared with those with no cerclage. " 07/01/1988 - "Preterm labor correlated negatively with the socioeconomic level, PROM correlated negatively with the marital status, positively with age, a history of cervical cerclage, conization or PROM during former pregnancies. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/2002 - "We could not find any report concerning indications of leaving hospital after treatment for preterm labor. " 01/01/1994 - "Randomized comparison of home uterine activity monitoring and routine care in patients discharged after treatment for preterm labor." 09/01/1993 - "Randomized comparison of home uterine activity monitoring and routine care in patients discharged after treatment for preterm labor." 02/01/1992 - "A 12-fold increase in PAF was found in the 3 preterm labor patients in whom tocolysis failed (delivery less than 48 hrs after treatment) compared to the 7 patients in whom labor was arrested (mean PAF = 35.0 vs 2.9 ng/ml, respectively; p = .017). " 07/01/1994 - "Sonographic cervical length was compared to digital assessment of dilation and effacement to assess the risk of preterm birth after treatment for preterm labor. "