Chronic Kidney Failure (Chronic Renal Failure)

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Also Known As:

Networked: 26846 relevant articles (1238 outcomes, 3280 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chronic Kidney Failure (Chronic Renal Failure)
2.	Anemia
3.	Proteinuria
4.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
5.	Kidney Diseases (Kidney Disease)

Experts

1.	Zoccali, Carmine: 69 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Stenvinkel, Peter: 69 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Lindholm, Bengt: 59 articles (10/2014 - 01/2002)
4.	Tripepi, Giovanni: 55 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Mallamaci, Francesca: 54 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Remuzzi, Giuseppe: 45 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Vaziri, Nosratola D: 44 articles (11/2014 - 01/2002)
8.	Coresh, Josef: 39 articles (11/2015 - 11/2002)
9.	Kimmel, Paul L: 36 articles (11/2015 - 06/2002)
10.	Tonelli, Marcello: 36 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chronic Kidney Failure:

1.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2008 - "By multivariate analysis, age and serum creatinine at biopsy inversely correlated with complete remission, and serum creatinine at biopsy was the only correlate with ESRD. " 03/01/2005 - "Because their frequency plot of creatinine clearance (Ccr) assumed a bimodal distribution with a marked kurtosis that was not improved by transformations, the study cohort was decomposed into two separate groups (non-ESRD [n = 247] and ESRD [n = 159]) in which the Ccr plots were normally distributed. " 08/01/2004 - "In the multivariate analysis, risk factors of developing ESRD were failure to achieve complete remission, higher serum creatinine at the initiation of treatment, and not receiving CYC pulse therapy. " 10/01/2001 - "Both trials showed a significant reduction in the primary pre-specified end-point of death, or worsening of renal function (doubling of serum creatinine) or the development of end-stage renal disease. " 12/01/2014 - "In pre-end-stage renal disease patients, regularly monitoring BP by integrating cloud-based manometers appears to result in a significant decrease in creatinine and improvement in nighttime BP control. "
2.	ErythropoietinFDA Link 06/01/1996 - "The availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) has dramatically improved the care of children with chronic renal failure (CRF). " 02/28/1985 - "Highly purified erythropoietin may be useful in the treatment of various forms of anaemia, particularly in chronic renal failure. " 01/01/1988 - "We conclude that recombinant human erythropoietin is very effective in treating the anaemia of end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis. " 04/01/1995 - "Epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin) is now a widely available though expensive treatment for the anaemia of chronic renal failure, and is effective in more than 95% of patients. " 01/16/1988 - "Recombinant human erythropoietin is a major advance in the management of patients with chronic renal failure. "
3.	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)IBA 05/01/1998 - "In addition, ACE inhibitors are very effective for the prevention of chronic renal failure. " 01/01/2001 - "Although there is no effective treatment for this condition, ACE inhibitors can decrease the protein-uria and possibly delay the progression to end stage renal disease. " 11/01/2014 - "Early screening for renal disease using microalbuminuria is very useful since the use of medications such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, which could help reverse progression to end-stage renal disease." 09/01/2007 - "Several studies suggest that therapeutic agents for the treatment of CHF, particularly angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, are underused in end-stage renal disease patients with CHF. " 05/01/2007 - "The study suggests that genetic testing of the I/D polymorphism in patients with nephropathy before initiating ACE therapy will most likely be cost-effective, even if the risk for II carriers to develop ESRD when treated with ACE inhibitors is only 1.4% higher than for DD carriers. "
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2004 - "RPGN responded well to the cyclophosphamide and the patients did not develop ESRD. " 01/01/2004 - "Eight received cyclophosphamide with partial remission in 4 cases and progression to chronic renal failure (CRF) in 4 cases. " 04/01/1987 - "The studies demonstrate that immunosuppressive drug regimens, particularly intravenous cyclophosphamide, reduce the likelihood of end-stage renal failure. " 11/01/2008 - "The introduction of the cyclophosphamide-based treatment strategy in the Nijmegen region resulted in a significant 70% reduction in the incidence of ESRD in patients with iMN as compared to an unchanged incidence in other parts of the Netherlands. " 03/01/2007 - "Our patient had conserved fertility despite treatment by cyclophosphamide, chronic renal failure and haemodialysis. "
5.	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)IBA 11/01/1994 - "Serum level of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was not helpful for diagnosis in this patient because serum ACE level is often elevated in the condition of chronic renal failure. " 07/01/2012 - "Results from published studies on the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients are still conflicting. " 12/01/2015 - "Analysis of insertion/deletion polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in Malaysian end-stage renal disease patients." 03/01/2015 - "Impact of interaction of cigarette smoking with angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms on end-stage renal disease risk in a Han Chinese population." 03/01/2014 - "Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism and end-stage renal disease susceptibility."
6.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "Clearance of Cr and urea was significantly lower in cats with chronic renal failure than in normal cats, while the values of Na and K were significantly higher in cats with chronic renal failure. " 11/01/2008 - "The aim of our study was to examine the renal urea handling in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). " 07/01/1992 - "Urea kinetics, studies in six children with chronic renal failure by serial timed blood urea measurements during and after haemodialysis, were compared with the kinetics of a one-pool and a two-pool UKM. " 04/01/2015 - "Urea-induced ROS cause endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure." 08/28/2014 - "Information on patient age, condition contributing to end-stage renal disease and the most recent dialysis adequacy assessment (serum Kt/V urea value) was obtained from the follow-up database and by interviewing patients and/or reviewing the medical records. "
7.	IronIBA 08/01/2003 - "Oral iron products in patients with ESRD have been largely abandoned, and the safety of intravenous (IV) iron preparations has improved with the introduction of new-generation compounds that have little allergenicity. " 01/01/2012 - "The DEcIDE Patient Outcomes in ESRD Study is funded by the United States (US) Agency for Health Care Research and Quality to study the comparative effectiveness of: 1) antihypertensive therapies, 2) early versus later initiation of dialysis, and 3) intravenous iron therapies on clinical outcomes in patients with ESRD. " 07/01/2007 - "For Dr. Choi's Epub study "Combination index of sTfR and MCH for evaluating iron deficiency in end-stage renal disease"." 02/01/2002 - "Aim of the study was to observe the clinicohaematological profile, bone marrow and serum iron indices of patients with chronic renal failure. " 09/01/1995 - "Iron studies were carried out in twenty five adult male and female patients with chronic renal failure and thirty one "healthy" individuals as control. "
8.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 04/01/2002 - "This study shows that insulin treatment with a subsequent improved metabolic control before renal I/R protected kidneys from ESRD." 01/01/2000 - "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) has been shown to improve renal function in healthy subjects, as well as those with chronic renal failure. " 05/01/1998 - "The insulin-like growth factor axis and growth in children with chronic renal failure: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group." 09/01/1997 - "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-6 levels are elevated in serum of children with chronic renal failure: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group." 04/01/1996 - "The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between fasting plasma insulin level and ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) in patients with chronic renal failure. "
9.	PhosphorusIBA 07/01/2012 - "Phosphorus binders in ESRD: consistent evidence from observational studies." 01/01/2012 - "The link between CKD and CAC has been mostly established by studies of patients who have abnormally high phosphorus levels and advanced CKD or end-stage renal disease. " 06/01/2003 - "Results from clinical trials using daily haemodialysis strongly suggest that thrice-weekly haemodialysis regimens are only marginally adequate for achieving weekly phosphorus balance in many patients with ESRD. " 10/01/1991 - "Results from studies of patients and animals with chronic renal failure suggested that a low-protein, phosphorus-restricted diet could slow the rate of loss of renal function. " 09/01/2015 - "Self-Motivation Is Associated With Phosphorus Control in End-Stage Renal Disease."
10.	CalciumIBA 09/01/2015 - "In the current study, we assessed the value of MPI gated-SPET and its combination with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score measurements in risk stratification of ESRD patients. " 07/01/2010 - "Currently guidelines suggest that PTH-i levels in end stage renal disease should be kept from 150-300 pg/mL. The purpose of this study is to evaluate 6 month PTH-i response after conversion to 2.5 mEq/L calcium PD solution in patients with baseline PTH-i levels < 150 pg/mL. Prospective, observational study of all prevalent patients (at least 90 days on therapy) on PD of a single Brazilian center from January 2008 to May 2009. " 01/01/2010 - "However, studies showing that calcium-based phosphate binders increase cardiovascular mortality are lacking in patients with ESRD. " 01/01/2010 - "The majority of randomized, controlled trials in patients with ESRD suggest that calcium supplementation--in the form of calcium-based phosphate binders--leads to a progression of vascular calcification. " 04/01/2009 - "Recent randomized clinical trials showed that lowering serum phosphate levels with a non-calcium containing phosphate binder slows progression of vascular calcification in ESRD patients. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Kidney Transplantation 07/01/2015 - "Kidney transplantation is now accepted to be the best treatment for end-stage renal disease. " 06/01/2015 - "Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease patients. " 06/01/2015 - "Kidney transplantation is the best treatment method for end-stage renal disease. " 05/01/2015 - "Kidney transplantation is considered to be the best treatment for people with chronic kidney failure, because it improves the patients' quality of life and increases their length of survival compared with patients undergoing dialysis. " 01/01/2015 - "Renal Transplantation is the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease, which is fortunately available in the developing countries, even for poor people. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 01/01/1996 - "Increasing use of medications designed specifically for intravenous administration during hemodialysis has dramatically improved the treatment of many comorbid conditions accompanying end-stage renal disease. " 07/01/2011 - "The correct estimation on dry weight is very important in providing effective and safe hemodialysis to end stage renal disease patients. " 02/01/2014 - "With refinements and advances in hemodialysis techniques, survival for patients with end-stage renal disease has improved significantly. " 11/01/2012 - "Based on the anti-inflammatory and vascular beneficial effects demonstrated in non-end stage renal disease patients, we were hoping that statin use might provide the much needed improvement in the hemodialysis vascular access outcome. " 04/01/2000 - "In patients with end-stage renal disease, the initiation of hemodialysis led to a significant improvement of in vitro T-cell proliferation. "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 03/01/2015 - "The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of known best practices from the broader literature that can be used as an evidence base to design improved education for ESRD patients pursuing a kidney transplant. " 01/01/2013 - "The best treatment option for end-stage renal disease is usually a transplant, preferably a live donor kidney transplant (LDKT). " 12/01/2012 - "Kidney transplant is usually the best treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease; however, transplant rates remain low in the United States. " 11/01/2012 - "End-stage renal disease affects many Americans; however, transplant is the best treatment option increasing life years and offering a higher quality of life than possible with dialysis. " 11/01/2011 - "Kidney transplant, which can be performed in children more than 10 kg, is the best treatment of end-stage renal failure in children. "
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 05/01/1998 - "In conclusion, according to the 5-year cost-utility model presented in this study, SPK transplantation is the most cost-effective treatment strategy for a patient with type I diabetes and ESRD. " 01/01/2012 - "In conclusion, transplantation is currently the best option for children with ESRD. " 12/01/2009 - "Despite this, transplantation is the best option for end-stage renal disease in HCV-positive patients. " 05/01/2009 - "Preemptive transplantation is the best treatment modality for patients reaching end-stage renal disease. " 09/01/2008 - "Currently the best treatment for end-stage renal failure is transplantation. "
5.	Peritoneal Dialysis 07/01/1989 - "The renal pathway of excretion was shown to be important in 6 chronic renal failure patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis with residual renal function who eliminated in 24 h 51.4 +/- 24.0 micrograms Al by urine and only 27.2 +/- 18.4 micrograms Al across the peritoneum following a daily oral application of 342 mg Al. Studies with the isolated perfused rat kidney confirmed the limited renal capacity to eliminate Al. Al clearance declined from 0.75 to less than 0.08 mL/min when the kidney was perfused with 0.04-12.4 micrograms Al/mL medium. " 09/01/2010 - "Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is recommended as the first-line treatment for end-stage renal disease, limitations exist to achieving good clinical status when the residual renal function (RRF) has declined. " 07/01/2006 - "Residual renal function (RRF) is a marker for a good index of health and is associated with improved survival for individuals with end stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis. " 11/01/2015 - "Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. " 04/01/2014 - "Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. "