Keratoconus

A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Networked: 2301 relevant articles (136 outcomes, 259 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Refractive Errors (Refractive Error)
2.	Astigmatism
3.	Pathologic Dilatation (Ectasia)
4.	Myopia
5.	Edema

Experts

1.	Kymionis, George D: 31 articles (08/2015 - 10/2007)
2.	Seitz, Berthold: 25 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Seitz, B: 20 articles (10/2015 - 09/2000)
4.	Feizi, Sepehr: 19 articles (10/2015 - 01/2009)
5.	McGhee, Charles N J: 18 articles (10/2015 - 03/2002)
6.	Langenbucher, Achim: 18 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Cohen, Elisabeth J: 18 articles (05/2013 - 03/2002)
8.	Hafezi, Farhad: 17 articles (11/2015 - 10/2006)
9.	Shetty, Rohit: 17 articles (08/2015 - 02/2012)
10.	Rapuano, Christopher J: 17 articles (08/2014 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Keratoconus:

1.	CollagenIBA 11/01/2015 - "Collagen crosslinking is cost effective in 85% of simulations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £30 000 per QALY.ConclusionUVA collagen crosslinking is very likely to be cost effective, compared with standard management, for the treatment of progressive keratoconus. " 08/01/2013 - "Collagen cross-linking has been reported to be effective in treating progressive keratoconus, and this study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this procedure. " 09/01/2010 - "The results of this study indicate that collagen cross-linking appears to be an effective therapeutic option for progressing keratoconus. " 02/01/2009 - "The results of this study indicate that collagen cross-linking appears to be an effective therapeutic option for progressing keratoconus. " 11/01/2011 - "Corneal collagen cross-linkage appears to be an effective and safe modality to halt the progression of keratoconus. "
2.	Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Riboflavin/UVA corneal cross-linking is considered a safe procedure and is extremely effective in halting keratoconus' progression. " 03/01/2012 - "The study demonstrated significant and rapid functional improvement in pediatric patients younger than 18 years with progressive keratoconus, undergoing riboflavin-UVA–induced cross-linking. " 01/01/2012 - "Application of transepithelial CXL using riboflavin with substances added to enhance epithelial permeability was safe, seemed to be moderately effective in keratoconic eyes with ultrathin corneas, and applications of the procedure could be extended to patients with advanced keratoconus." 01/01/2014 - ""Epithelium-on" and "epithelium-off" CXL using hypotonic 0.5% riboflavin were equally safe and effective in stabilization of keratoconus. " 10/01/2010 - "Partial topography-guided PRK followed by riboflavin/UVA CXL is a safe and effective therapy that halts the progression of keratoectasia and reduces the spherocylindrical refraction and aberrations to improve the visual function of patients with progressive keratoconus. "
3.	1 Fuchs' endothelial Corneal dystrophyIBA 08/01/1987 - "Results showed that the staining pattern of ABK and PBK corneas was uniformly low compared to keratoconus corneas, and in contrast to previous studies on Fuchs' dystrophy corneas which demonstrated a regional staining pattern. " 01/01/2015 - "68 patients (age 18 to 87 years) with keratoconus or Fuchs dystrophy were randomly distributed to 4 groups. " 09/01/2012 - "In this work, Fuchs dystrophy, cornea transplant rejection, and keratoconus are discussed, and a hydration sensitivity of about one part in a hundred is predicted to be needed to successfully distinguish between diseased and healthy tissues in these applications. " 02/01/2010 - "Normal autopsy eyes, Fuchs dystrophy corneas, and keratoconus corneas were used for immunohistochemistry. " 01/01/2010 - "Forty-eight eyes showing keratoconus (group I, with sufficient recipient endothelial cell density) and 42 eyes demonstrating bullous keratopathy or Fuchs' dystrophy (group II, with insufficient recipient endothelial cell density) were included in this retrospective study. "
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Keratoconus individuals presented with a significantly greater mean retinal thickness in the central fovea, inner, and outer macula compared to the nonkeratoconus group (p < 0.05). " 01/01/2011 - "Keratoconus associated with myelinated retinal nerve fibers is not frequent and the relationship between the two pathologies is difficult to explain, therefore studies and further investigation are required. " 07/01/2015 - "The average thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer, the thickness at the nasal quadrants and 1-2-3-4 o'clock hour sectors and mean signal strength were increased significantly by RGP contact lens wearing independent of the stage of keratoconus. " 01/01/2015 - "Thus we posit that structural retinal changes exist in keratoconus eyes that are additional to those typically seen in the anterior segment. " 04/01/2013 - "The eyes of 65 patients with the diagnosis of keratoconus with no history of contact lens wear and the eyes of 40 healthy controls were prospectively examined using the Heidelberg Retinal Tomography Rostock Cornea Module (HRT3/RCM). "
5.	Nylons (Nylon)IBA 02/01/1979 - "Photodiagnosis evaluation, microsurgical techniques and instrumentation monofilament nylon, use of the donor cornea minus the endothelium and improved postoperative refractive techniques have combined to make conectomy a reliable and successful form of treatment in keratoconus patients. " 09/01/2010 - "Intra- and postoperative videokeratography (Keratron Scout) evaluation was performed on 30 eyes of 30 consecutive patients affected by keratoconus (16 men and 14 women; mean age 32.63±8.02 years) submitted to ELLK (15 eyes) using 16 interrupted 10-0 nylon stitches or to PK (15 eyes) using a 12-bite 10-0 nylon double-running continuous suture. " 11/01/1998 - "All procedures (7.5-mm trephination diameter in Fuchs, 8.0 mm in keratoconus, double-running 10-0 nylon suture) were done by one surgeon. " 06/01/1998 - "All procedures (7.5 mm in dystrophies, 8.0 mm in keratoconus, 8 orientation teeth in NMT, double-running 10-0 nylon suture) were performed by one surgeon (GOHN). " 03/01/1998 - "All procedures (7.5 mm in dystrophies, 8.0 mm in keratoconus, 8 orientation teeth in NMT, double-running 10-0 nylon suture) were performed by one surgeon (GOHN). "
6.	HydrogelIBA 10/01/2007 - "We report a case of corneal warpage secondary to hydrogel lens wear that was initially mistaken as a case of keratoconus. " 10/01/2007 - "Mistaken diagnosis of keratoconus because of corneal warpage induced by hydrogel lens wear." 10/01/2015 - "Feasibility of custom-made hydrogel contact lenses in keratoconus with previous implantation of intracorneal ring segments." 11/01/1994 - "IDENTIFIED RISK FACTORS INCLUDED: Contact lens wear; a torn lens and chemical keratitis for hydrogel lens wearers; an adherent "bound" lens and keratoconus for rigid lens wearers. " 05/01/2009 - "Customized hydrogel contact lenses implementing correction of vertical coma, have been found to improve both monocular and binocular visual performance of eyes affected with mild or moderate keratoconus."
7.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "Consecutive patients who had PRK augmented with topical mitomycin-C (MMC) after PKP for keratoconus were retrospectively reviewed. " 05/01/2008 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for keratoconus. " 10/01/2011 - "Photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin-C after corneal transplantation for keratoconus." 01/01/2009 - "To report topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. " 01/01/2009 - "Topography-guided (NIDEK customized aspheric treatment zone) photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: case report."
8.	CosmeticsIBA 01/01/1996 - "To assess the efficacy of computerized corneal topography in (1) fitting cosmetic rigid gas permeable contact lenses on normal corneas and (2) patients who have keratoconus. " 09/01/2000 - "Interview data supported these findings with patients with a high degree of myopia and those with keratoconus reporting that psychological, cosmetic, practical, and financial factors affected their quality of life. " 10/01/1992 - "This method, which is inexpensive and time-saving, is suitable for fitting cosmetic contact lenses or lenses used in treating such corneal pathology as keratoconus."
9.	Cytidine Triphosphate (CTP)IBA 07/01/2015 - "Twenty-four months after CXL, there was a significant improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P<0.01), a significant decrease in corneal thinnest point (CTP), keratometry readings at the keratoconus apex (K max), and corneal volume (CV) (P<0.01), and a significant increase in axial eye length (AL) (P=0.01). " 12/01/2014 - "Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, corneal thinnest point (CTP), keratometry readings at the keratoconus apex (Kmax), axial eye length (AL), corneal volume (CV) anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were evaluated. "
10.	Adenosine Triphosphatases (ATPase)IBA 12/01/1987 - "Computer-assisted morphometrics and statistical analysis showed that there was a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in 3H-ouabain binding, and thus ATPase pump sites, in the three types of corneas (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, aphakic and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy) with dysfunctional endothelia as compared to both types of corneas (eye bank, keratoconus) with functional endothelial cells. " 04/01/1987 - "In order to investigate glycoconjugate changes potentially related to the particle reduction, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which has been shown to bind to the sugar residues in the ATPase subunit, was used to label three types of corneas with dysfunctional endothelial cells (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, aphakic and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy) and two types of corneas (eye bank and keratoconus) with functional endothelium using the technique of thin section freeze-fracture label. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Corneal Transplantation (Keratoplasty) 08/01/1977 - "The best results were achieved with keratoplasties in corneal dystrophies (keratoconus included). " 09/01/2015 - "Traditionally, the mainstay of treatment for advanced keratoconus (KC) has been either penetrating or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (PK or DALK, respectively). " 05/01/2011 - "Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty that uses the big-bubble technique is effective in patients with keratoconus. " 10/01/2010 - "Topography-guided conductive keratoplasty may be effective in reshaping corneal configuration in eyes with keratoconus, without serious complications, and possibly contributed to avoiding or delaying corneal transplantation." 02/01/2006 - "Deep lamellar keratoplasty that uses the big-bubble technique is safe and effective in patients with keratoconus. "
2.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 12/01/1999 - "Moreover, despite improvement in the postoperative spherical equivalent and uncorrected visual acuity in most cases, the risk of loss of BCVA and the necessity of performing PKP in 3 cases lead us not to consider LASIK as a primary solution for keratoconus." 06/01/2015 - "An improvement in uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected visual acuity (CDVA) associated with a reduction in the spherical equivalent was observed in the three groups, but was only statistically significant in the keratoconus post-CXL and post-LASIK groups (P ≤ .04). " 01/01/2014 - "This approach shows promise as a safe and effective surgical choice in the treatment of keratoconus and post-LASIK keratectasia." 09/01/2015 - "To investigate the efficacy of the SCORE Analyzer (Bausch+Lomb TechnoLas, Germany) in detecting forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC) in Asian eyes and validate its usefulness as a risk assessment system for post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) keratectasia. " 12/01/2011 - "This study compared eyes with mild stages of keratoconus (study group) with preoperative eyes that later had LASIK (control group). "
3.	Penetrating Keratoplasty 11/01/2005 - "Penetrating keratoplasty is a safe and effective procedure with remarkable optical and visual outcomes for patients with keratoconus who are contact lens intolerant or have unacceptable corrected visual acuity. " 02/01/2012 - "This ICRS is an effective treatment for managing keratoconus and might delay or even avoid the need for penetrating keratoplasty." 11/01/2002 - "This study was designed to identify factors that may help to determine the likelihood of a patient with keratoconus undergoing a penetrating keratoplasty (PK) after referral to a cornea service. " 10/01/2008 - "Penetrating keratoplasty in 1 eye for patients with severe keratoconus results in a comparative effectiveness (value gain) of 16.5% improvement in quality of life every day over the 44-year life expectancy of the average patient with severe keratoconus. " 01/01/2014 - "Large randomised trials comparing the outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty and DALK in the treatment of keratoconus are needed."
4.	Contact Lenses 12/01/2006 - "The modified ALTK procedure effectively treated a patient with moderate keratoconus with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/80, despite rigid gas-permeable contact lenses. " 01/01/2002 - "Rigid gas permeable contact lenses remain the mainstay treatment for advanced keratoconus, with various designs enabling a large proportion of patients to attain improved visual acuity." 02/01/2014 - "To determine whether pancorneal rigid gas-permeable toric edge contact lenses (pancorneal RGP-CL) fitting could be improved by using non-central corneal shape predictors, and to compare these parameters with respect to age and gender in patients with keratoconus. " 08/01/2013 - "Contact lenses are required for the visual improvement in patients with keratoconus. " 12/01/2005 - "The purpose of this article is to compare the safety and efficacy of flat- and steep-fitting rigid contact lenses in keratoconus. "
5.	Lasers (Laser) 09/01/2008 - "Intacs treatment with a femtosecond laser was effective for management of keratoconus of all stages. " 12/01/2006 - "Intacs implantation with the femtosecond laser was safe and effective for the treatment of keratoconus. " 10/01/2006 - "To determine the efficacy of INTACS insertion using a femtosecond laser in the treatment of keratoconus and to compare it to the technique using a mechanical spreader. " 07/01/2015 - "In our study 58 eyes with III stage keratoconus underwent surgery using femtosecond laser Ziemer Cristalline (Switzerland) intracorneal stromal ring segment implantation (Keraring). " 04/01/2013 - "In a prospective single centre study, 10 keratoconus patients underwent combined treatment with corneal cross-linking and central corneal regularization by an iRES-Laser. "