Intermittent Claudication

A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1327 relevant articles (155 outcomes, 313 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Atherosclerosis
3.	Peripheral Arterial Disease
4.	Vascular Diseases (Vascular Disease)
5.	Peripheral Vascular Diseases (Peripheral Vascular Disease)

Experts

1.	Hiatt, William R: 14 articles (11/2014 - 12/2002)
2.	Teijink, Joep A W: 12 articles (09/2015 - 06/2007)
3.	Teijink, J A W: 12 articles (02/2015 - 06/2003)
4.	Gardner, Andrew W: 11 articles (06/2013 - 07/2002)
5.	Aronow, Wilbert S: 11 articles (05/2012 - 09/2003)
6.	Jaff, Michael R: 10 articles (07/2015 - 11/2002)
7.	Montgomery, Polly S: 10 articles (06/2013 - 08/2007)
8.	Cesarone, M R: 10 articles (08/2012 - 08/2000)
9.	Creager, Mark A: 9 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
10.	Belcaro, G: 9 articles (08/2012 - 08/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Intermittent Claudication:

1.	Pentoxifylline (Trental)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1988 - "Pentoxifylline, recently approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication, is hepatically cleared with a high degree of first-pass metabolism. " 01/01/1983 - "The positive results derived from pentoxifylline treatment are significant because, for the first time, treadmill testing can prove the effectiveness of a hemorheologic drug, such as pentoxifylline, in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 11/01/1984 - "Although pentoxifylline has been shown to be effective in the treatment of intermittent claudication, additional research is needed to determine its use as adjunctive therapy in patients with concurrent coronary or cerebrovascular disease." 09/01/1989 - "In summary, pentoxifylline improved function and symptoms in 13 of 22 geriatric patients with intermittent claudication; the drug was safe and well tolerated at the usual dosage in this geriatric patient population." 09/01/1987 - "In this controlled trial the subset of patients with severe intermittent claudication benefited from pentoxifylline therapy."
2.	cilostazol (Pletal)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "Clinical trials demonstrating a significant improvement in walking distances with cilostazol therapy suggest that it will be an important tool in improving symptoms and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication." 11/01/2006 - "Cilostazol is a potent selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-3 of proven efficacy in intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2003 - "In six of eight well designed clinical trials, cilostazol was significantly more effective than placebo in increasing walking distances and improving the quality of life of patients with moderate to severe intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2003 - ", double-blind, placebo-controlled 12- to 24-week trials in >2000 patients with moderate to severe intermittent claudication demonstrated that cilostazol generally significantly increased walking distances and improved quality of life compared with placebo. " 08/10/2013 - "Cilostazol has been found to be effective for the treatment of intermittent claudication (IC). "
3.	Nafronyl (Naftidrofuryl)IBA 03/01/2001 - "This study demonstrated the efficacy of naftidrofuryl versus placebo in patients with intermittent claudication with a highly significant and clinically relevant difference and confirmed its good safety profile." 04/01/2001 - "This study demonstrates the efficacy of naftidrofuryl versus placebo in patients with intermittent claudication using a new device measuring the walking distances of the patients in a more physiological way than the treadmill test." 03/01/2001 - "A new study demonstrates the efficacy of naftidrofuryl in the treatment of intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2009 - "To assess the efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo in treating the symptoms of intermittent claudication. " 03/01/2002 - "We report in this paper the findings of a pooled analysis of 3 previously published studies undertaken in Germany, France and Belgium to assess the effects of naftidrofuryl on the quality of life of patients with intermittent claudication. "
4.	Alprostadil (Muse)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2004 - "Based on the individual results of the published literature, patients with intermittent claudication seem to benefit from administration (intravenous or intra-arterial) of PGE1 by a significant improvement of their walking capacity. " 11/01/2002 - "Patients suffering from intermittent claudication benefit from administration of prostaglandin E1 by a significant improvement of their walking capacity." 03/01/1997 - "In summary, these results show that the new PGE1 regimen is effective and safe in the treatment of outpatients with intermittent claudication." 03/01/1997 - "Efficacy of a new prostaglandin E1 regimen in outpatients with severe intermittent claudication: results of a multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind trial." 05/01/1997 - "Improvement in the quality of life after i.v. PGE1 therapy for intermittent claudication."
5.	Pain-FreeIBA 07/01/2014 - "Supervised walking training improves maximum and pain-free walking distances in people with intermittent claudication." 01/01/2014 - "There was no clear evidence of differences between supervised walking exercise and alternative exercise modes in improving the maximum and pain-free walking distance of patients with intermittent claudication. " 11/01/2013 - "SET in patients with intermittent claudication results in an increase in pain free walking distance, whereas with magnetic resonance imaging no macrovascular adaptations in terms of additional collateral artery formation or flow increases could be observed." 05/01/2011 - "These findings support the use of alternative, relatively pain-free forms of exercise in the clinical management of patients with intermittent claudication." 01/01/2009 - "Disease severity and functional impairment in patients with intermittent claudication is usually quantified by the measurement of pain-free walking distance (intermittent claudication distance, ICD) and maximal walking distance (absolute claudication distance, ACD). "
6.	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "In one phase III study, propionyl-L-carnitine 1 to 3 g/day significantly improved mean MWD (measured by treadmill) compared with placebo (by 73 vs 46% after 24 weeks) in patients with intermittent claudication. " 11/01/1999 - "Previous studies suggest that the efficacy of propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication is greater in patients with severe functional impairment than in those with mild walking disability. " 03/15/1997 - "A double-blind, dose titration study was designed to assess the efficacy of propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. " 10/01/2013 - "This study investigated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) in patients with intermittent claudication in the Chinese population. " 07/01/2013 - "The 17 included articles reported on a total of 18 experimental studies of carnitine supplementation (5 pre-test/post-test; 8 parallel RCT; 5 cross-over RCT) for improving walking performance in adults with intermittent claudication. "
7.	Padma 28IBA 07/01/2005 - "Evidence also suggests that padma 28 is effective for intermittent claudication, although more data are required to confirm these findings. " 01/01/2013 - "Some evidence exists from individual trials to suggest that Padma 28 may be effective in increasing walking distances, at least in the short term (four months), in people with intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2013 - "The highest level of evidence for the use of Padma 28 was found in the indication of intermittent claudication (11 trials). " 01/01/2013 - "Randomised controlled trials of Padma 28 compared with placebo or other pharmacological treatments in people suffering from intermittent claudication. " 10/17/1994 - "In conclusion, our study has shown that treatment with Padma-28 over a four month period significantly increases the walking distance in patients with stable intermittent claudication of long duration."
8.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "The efficacy of TIKLO was compared with acetylsalicylic acid in treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 03/01/2006 - "The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of exercising to maximum walking distance on platelet and endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication who were receiving statin and aspirin therapy compared with age matched healthy controls. " 12/05/1998 - "Extrapolation of trial results suggests that aspirin is useful in intermittent claudication." 06/01/2008 - "Antiplatelet therapy, including aspirin, is recommended to lower the vascular risk in patients with intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2006 - "Haemostasis, inflammation and renal function following exercise in patients with intermittent claudication on statin and aspirin therapy."
9.	buflomedil (Lofton)IBA 12/01/2001 - "These findings suggest the therapeutic efficacy of buflomedil in diabetic subjects with intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2001 - "There is a lack evidence for the efficacy of buflomedil in intermittent claudication." 01/01/2001 - "There is little evidence available to evaluate the efficacy of buflomedil for intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2001 - "To evaluate the available evidence on the efficacy of buflomedil for intermittent claudication. " 02/12/2008 - "We performed an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether long-term administration of oral buflomedil could reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in patients with intermittent claudication. "
10.	Ticlopidine (Ticlid)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1994 - "In chronic POAD, intermittent claudication can be improved with a rational walking exercise programme, but, besides pentoxyphilline, especially ticlopidine significantly adds to the benefits of exercise. " 07/01/1995 - "To study the effect of long-term treatment of the platelet inhibitor ticlopidine as secondary prevention against the need of vascular surgery in patients with intermittent claudication. " 09/29/1989 - "This study meta-analysed randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials in patients with intermittent claudication of the lower limbs comparing ticlopidine to placebo in order to test the hypothesis that the drug, a pure antiplatelet agent, is able to reduce the incidence of thrombotic cardio-vascular events on atherosclerotic arteries in these patients. " 07/01/1989 - "Ticlopidine in the treatment of intermittent claudication: a 21-month double-blind trial." 07/01/1982 - "Fifty-one men with atherosclerotic intermittent claudication and haemorheological abnormalities completed a double-blind, one-year randomised trial of Ticlopidine (500 mg/day), a new antiplatelet agent. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 01/01/2005 - "Exercise therapy (ET) is the main conservative and proven effective treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 08/01/2014 - "Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication is superior to all other forms of exercise therapy. " 01/01/1995 - "Because of the efficacy of this treatment, in addition to the low associated morbidity, exercise therapy is recommended as a major treatment option for persons with intermittent claudication due to PAD." 06/01/2008 - "Our findings confirm that a short supervised exercise therapy in the form of walking out over pain threshold is effective in maximizing the walking time of the majority of patients with intermittent claudication, independently of demographic data and their associated cardiac risk factors or comorbidities. " 06/01/2007 - "Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in a community-based setting is as effective as clinic-based."
2.	Amputation 10/01/2013 - "Primary clinical improvement was defined as improvement in Rutherford category to a level of intermittent claudication without unplanned amputation or TLR. " 09/01/1988 - "The treatment eliminated intermittent claudication in 14 patients and increased exercise tolerance to 500 m in the patient with a limb at risk for amputation before the procedure. " 10/01/1998 - "This study used a single binary-gamble question per health state per respondent to obtain societal preferences for the health states intermittent claudication and major amputation and compare those with Health Utilities Indices obtained from patients, to test the feasibility of this method, and to investigate whether the utility depends on the presentation of a vignette as generic vs disease-specific. " 12/01/1975 - "The study suggests that intermittent claudication is relatively benign, with only 5.8 percent coming to amputation in a 2.5 year mean follow-up. " 11/01/2010 - "Symptomatic PAD at enrollment was identified on the basis of current intermittent claudication with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.90 or a history of lower-limb revascularization or amputation. "
3.	Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 08/01/2013 - "The aim was to compare costs and utilities of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), a supervised exercise programme (SEP) and combined treatment (PTA + SEP) in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) to establish the most cost-effective treatment. " 12/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to identify whether revascularization by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for patients with intermittent claudication improved measures of functional performance including balance. " 06/01/2005 - "The angioplasty-associated gain in QoL, however, was positively correlated with the initial degree of QoL impairment and the degree of improvement in intermittent claudication (R = 0.873, p < 0.0001, multiple regression). " 01/01/1999 - "In patients suffering of intermittent claudication, results of a series of 38 patients confirm the efficacy of angioplasty. " 10/01/1997 - "Is intermittent claudication improved by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty? "
4.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 04/01/1996 - "A series of the apheresis procedures had a remarkable impact on clinical symptoms and physiological findings with improvement in intermittent claudication observed in more than 80% of the patients. " 07/01/1989 - "The LDL apheresis was continued for 2 to 10 months, and symptoms such as cold or "heavy" legs, or intermittent claudication rapidly improved early in the treatment course in all 5 patients. " 01/01/1993 - "After six series of LDL apheresis were performed during 4 weeks, ASO-related signs and symptoms (i. e., intermittent claudication) were remarkably improved, and serum TC levels were decreased below 200 mg/dl. " 07/01/2003 - "In addition, LDL apheresis improved clinical symptoms (including cold lower extremity, intermittent claudication, and leg pain) and diminished the size of ulcer/necrosis in all patients. " 07/01/1992 - "Hyperlipidemia was rapidly corrected after the initial two aphereses, whereas clinical signs of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO), such as coldness of the legs in 17 of 19 patients (89.5%), intermittent claudication in 14 of 17 patients (82.4%), foot pain at rest in 15 of 18 patients (83.3%), poor arterial pulsation in 12 of 16 patients (75.0%), and diminution of ulcer/necrosis in 3 of 5 patients (60.0%), improved in parallel. "
5.	Stents 06/01/2013 - "Intermittent claudication was relieved by iliac stent placement in most patients with both iliac and SFA lesions. " 01/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of iliac artery stent placement with use of the symphony stent for the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2010 - "Endovascular stents for intermittent claudication." 07/01/2005 - "To determine the effect of aortoiliac stent placement on walking ability and health-related quality of life (QOL) for elderly individuals with moderate to severe intermittent claudication. " 11/01/2004 - "We evaluated the long-term results of the iliac artery stent placement for the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. "