Human Influenza (Influenza)

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

Also Known As:

Networked: 19084 relevant articles (1370 outcomes, 2215 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
3.	Influenza in Birds (Avian Flu)
4.	Respiratory Tract Infections (Respiratory Tract Infection)
5.	Fever (Fevers)

Experts

1.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 102 articles (06/2015 - 05/2000)
2.	García-Sastre, Adolfo: 74 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Kawaoka, Yoshihiro: 66 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Palese, Peter: 59 articles (12/2015 - 04/2002)
5.	Webster, Robert G: 56 articles (11/2015 - 02/2002)
6.	Compans, Richard W: 56 articles (09/2015 - 04/2003)
7.	Tumpey, Terrence M: 54 articles (01/2016 - 08/2002)
8.	Hurt, Aeron C: 54 articles (11/2015 - 01/2003)
9.	Boivin, Guy: 53 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
10.	Katz, Jacqueline M: 50 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Human Influenza:

1.	Influenza Vaccines (FluMist)IBA 12/29/2001 - "Studies in children and adults revealed cold-adapted, live, attenuated, trivalent, intranasal influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) to be well accepted, well tolerated and highly protective against culture-confirmed influenza, and to provide significant health benefits. " 01/01/2014 - "Comparative evaluation of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines based on data from direct comparative studies is necessary for ensuring the most effective and safe vaccination against influenza. " 07/01/2013 - "In most seasons, the influenza vaccine is effective in preventing influenza, but it is not clear whether it is equally effective in preventing mild and severe cases. " 01/01/2013 - "Current influenza vaccines are moderately effective, with current evidence suggesting that they can prevent about half of influenza-associated symptomatic illness, outpatient visits, hospitalizations and deaths, with the evidence weaker for the most serious complications. " 07/01/2011 - "The most profound consequences of immune senescence with respect to public health are the increased susceptibility to influenza and loss of efficacy of the current split-virus influenza vaccines in older adults, which are otherwise very effective in younger populations. "
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/02/2015 - "To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report describing the immunological profile of the NP-containing VLPs vaccines in mice and chicken models, and the results demonstrate that the non-infectious, genome less VLPs, particularly those containing NP, represent a promising strategy for the development of a safe and effective vaccine to control pandemic influenza." 08/26/2015 - "Improved understanding of the degree of influenza seasonality in tropical countries of the world should allow for the strengthening of national vaccination policies and use of the most appropriate available vaccines. " 01/01/2013 - "Moreover vaccination with these vaccines induced full protection against lethal challenges with homologous and highly drifted influenza strains. " 09/09/2011 - "The identification of immune correlates of protection against highly pathogenic human-adapted influenza is instrumental in the development of the next generation of vaccines. " 07/01/2011 - "The emergence of a novel swine-origin pandemic influenza virus in 2009, together with the continuing circulation of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses and the urgent global need to produce effective vaccines against such public health threats, has prompted a renewed interest in improving our understanding of the immune correlates of protection against influenza. "
3.	Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)FDA Link 02/01/2013 - "Most of the available studies indicate that oseltamivir use, whether therapeutic or prophylactic, is effective in containing influenza outbreaks in those settings though there are some reports of moderately high side effects, particularly among young children. " 01/01/2016 - "Because the vaccine remains the best option for preventing influenza and its complications, prophylaxis using oseltamivir should only be considered in select patients. " 08/01/2015 - "Furthermore, multiple strains of influenza virus that were resistant to oseltamivir, an FDA-approved therapeutic treatment for influenza, were highly sensitive to inhibition by M8. " 07/01/2009 - "Therefore, the in vivo efficacy of oseltamivir against highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses cannot be reliably predicted by susceptibility testing, and more prognostic ways to evaluate anti-influenza compounds must be developed. " 06/01/2009 - "Although all three methods were effective in detecting the H275Y mutation associated with oseltamivir resistance, the H275Y RT-PCR assay was the most rapid and could easily be incorporated into an influenza subtyping protocol."
4.	Neuraminidase (Sialidase)IBA 11/08/2013 - "A monoclonal antibody targeting a highly conserved epitope in influenza B neuraminidase provides protection against drug resistant strains." 02/01/2006 - "These results highlight the striking difference between the influenza neuraminidase and paramyxovirus HN active sites, and provide a platform for the development of improved HN inhibitors." 01/01/2007 - "Neuraminidase inhibitors are effective in shortening illness duration in healthy children with influenza, but efficacy in 'at risk' children remains to be proven. " 03/01/2010 - "Neuraminidase inhibitors beneficial for treatment and prevention of influenza in children." 03/01/2008 - "Of the total number of viruses analysed, only 2 (0.2%) strains (an A(H1N1) strain and an influenza B strain) were considered to have a significant reduction in sensitivity to at least one of the neuraminidase inhibitor drugs. "
5.	Zanamivir (Relenza)FDA Link 11/01/2005 - "The protective efficacy of zanamivir versus placebo for SLCI was marginal, for all laboratory confirmed illnesses, but significant against culture proven and febrile influenza, suggesting zanamivir can be effective for outbreak control and symptom reduction of unvaccinated institutionalized residents. " 12/01/2001 - "(3) Zanamivir has no proven efficacy in preventing the spread of influenza by a treated patient. " 08/01/2007 - "Previous studies conducted primarily in non-high-risk subjects have reported the efficacy of inhaled zanamivir in preventing influenza. " 11/01/2002 - "Clinical trials of zanamivir have reported a reduced incidence of influenza complications among high-risk patients. " 08/01/2007 - "Significantly fewer zanamivir-treated subjects developed symptomatic, laboratory- confirmed influenza during prophylaxis compared with placebo recipients (4/1678 vs 23/1685, respectively), representing a relative risk (RR) of 0.17 (95% CI, 0.07-0.44; P < 0.001) and a protective efficacy of 83%. "
6.	AntigensIBA 09/01/2015 - "Delivering antigen exclusively to respiratory DCs results in the development of lung CD8 Trm cells that are highly protective against lethal influenza challenge. " 01/01/2011 - "A vaccine providing protective immunity to the highly conserved internal antigens could provide longer-lasting protection against multiple influenza subtypes. " 04/01/2009 - "Influenza NP is a highly conserved antigen, and induction of protective anti-NP responses may be a productive strategy for generating heterologous protection against divergent influenza strains." 09/28/2005 - "Molecules related to betaWWI-1-4 could represent starting points for the development of highly potent inhibitors or antigens effective against HIV or other viruses, including SARS, Ebola, HRSV, and influenza, that employ common fusion mechanisms." 10/01/1986 - "As regards the incidence of different viruses, the complete disappearance of influenza antigens and a marked decrease of the other investigated viral agents were recorded."
7.	Hemagglutinins (Hemagglutinin)IBA 09/01/2014 - "Cross-protective efficacy of baculovirus displayed hemagglutinin against highly pathogenic influenza H7 subtypes." 01/01/2012 - "Protective efficacy of Newcastle disease virus expressing soluble trimeric hemagglutinin against highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza in chickens and mice." 11/19/2013 - "Expression of recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) in insect cells represents a technology with proven efficacy in seasonal influenza and with the potential for a rapid response to the emergence of new, pandemic strains. " 01/01/2011 - "According to our results, one to two amino acid changes (N125D and/or N156K) in the major antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus may lead to significant reduction in the ability of patient and vaccine sera to recognize A(H1N1)2009 viruses." 01/01/2011 - "By encoding an influenza virus (IFV) hemagglutinin (HA) HA1 domain, an Ad5-HA1 vector conferred rapid protection as a prophylactic drug followed by elicitation of sustained protective immunity as a vaccine for inducing seamless protection against influenza as a drug-vaccine duo (DVD) in a single package. "
8.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 01/01/2015 - "The ferret is a suitable small animal model for preclinical evaluation of efficacy of antiviral drugs against various influenza strains, including highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. " 12/01/2014 - "Indeed, although vaccination is the most powerful means of mitigating the effects of influenza epidemics, antiviral drugs can be very useful, particularly in delaying the spread of new pandemic viruses, thereby enabling manufacturers to prepare large quantities of pandemic vaccine. " 11/01/2013 - "The goals of the meeting were to improve pandemic planning in the region from lessons learned during the 2009 pandemic, particularly with regard to the safety and efficacy of antiviral use; gain a better understanding of the therapeutic use of antivirals in seasonal influenza; review and analyse the official influenza control policies of Asia-Pacific countries and evidence gaps to support policy development; and to establish collaborative relationships to promote best practices in the use of antivirals for the treatment of influenza. " 02/04/2013 - "These promising results demonstrate that the oral peptide transporter-mediated prodrug strategy has enormous promise for improving the oral mucosal cell membrane permeability of polar, poorly absorbed antiviral agents and treating influenza via the oral route of administration." 06/01/2007 - "The availability of isolation facilities, the stockpiling of antiviral agents and effective and safe vaccination will be extremely important in minimising the damage of a new influenza pandemic."
9.	Amantadine (Aman)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1996 - "In this epidemic, the combination of amantadine and vaccine was most effective in reducing the rate of influenza-associated sequelae. " 01/01/1994 - "In conclusion, rapid identification of the outbreak and prompt administration of amantadine hydrochloride prophylactically appears to be safe and effective in preventing further spread of influenza A." 10/01/1987 - "Compared with placebo, 100 mg of amantadine significantly reduced the frequency of illness (9 of 22 versus 2 of 22 volunteers, P less than 0.04) and provided 78% protection against influenza illness. " 09/01/2003 - "Earlier recognition and faster resolution of influenza outbreaks, fewer outbreaks, reduced pressure on acute care, greater compliance with amantadine prophylaxis, and improved immunization rates in seniors and health care workers. " 05/15/2001 - "Amantadine was judged effective in controlling 76% of the influenza A outbreaks and was discontinued because of side effects in 3% of the residents. "
10.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2015 - "Although antibodies are an important defense mechanism providing sterilizing immunity, in older adults, the cellular immune response is also needed for clinical protection against the serious complications of influenza. " 01/01/2012 - "In contrast, the elderly had high vaccine uptake and low attack rate but low levels of protective antibodies, underlining that factors other than HI antibodies are involved in protection against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. " 04/10/2009 - "High-affinity antibodies against a conserved epitope could provide immunity to the diverse influenza subtypes and protection against future pandemic viruses. " 10/01/2014 - "Though both preexisting HAI and CDL antibodies were associated with protection against clinical influenza, our data suggested that CDL was not a better correlate than HAI. " 05/01/2012 - "Our results show that, after one dose of an H5N1 LAIV, pulmonary influenza-specific lymphocytes are the main contributors to clearance of challenge virus from the lungs and that contributions of influenza-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies in serum and splenic CD8(+) T cells were negligible. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 05/01/1995 - "Vaccination against influenza has proven to be effective in nursing home populations, decreasing both mortality and morbidity during epidemics of influenza A. " 10/28/2008 - "Although protective effects of this intervention for nursing home patients have been demonstrated in some clinical trials, the exact relationship between increased vaccine uptake among HCWs and protection of patients remains unknown owing to variations between study designs, settings, intensity of influenza seasons, and failure to control all effect modifiers. " 10/01/2012 - "Efficacy of dual vaccination of seasonal influenza and pneumococcus in nursing home older adults during a novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1). " 10/01/2012 - "To evaluate the efficacy of dual vaccination of seasonal influenza and pneumococcus in nursing home older adults during a novel pandemic of influenza A (H1N1). " 05/01/2012 - "Efficacy of daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on respiratory symptoms and influenza vaccination immune response: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy elderly nursing home residents."
2.	Chemoprevention 05/01/1981 - "The combination of immunization and chemoprophylaxis was shown to be highly effective for the prevention of influenza." 08/01/1994 - "Chemoprophylaxis is effective in preventing influenza A, and is indicated in high-risk persons with major contraindication or impaired response to vaccination or who have not yet been vaccinated." 09/01/2002 - "Priority areas to be addressed and improved in the plan to achieve these goals include global and national influenza surveillance, vaccine development and production, vaccine use and coverage, chemoprophylaxis and therapy, guidelines for clinical care and health resources management, emergency preparedness, and research. " 03/01/2001 - "An alternate agent for influenza chemoprophylaxis that is effective against both influenza A and B, is easily administered and has few side effects, could greatly enhance current prevention and control measures and warrants serious assessment. " 09/01/2013 - "Enhanced infection control measures including pre-embarkation illness screening, improved self-reporting of illness, isolation of ill and quarantine of exposed contacts, and prompt antiviral chemoprophylaxis and treatment might be useful in controlling shipboard influenza outbreaks."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2010 - "The results showed that all of the strategies were useful in increasing influenza vaccination coverage, but the efficacy of recall was optimal only in the children who had completed chemotherapy since less than six months." 07/15/2007 - "The long history of influenza drug development has both contributed practical advances in antiviral chemotherapy and improved the understanding of influenza pathogenesis and epidemiology. " 02/01/2005 - "There is some uncertainty among oncologists about the safety and efficacy of immunising people undergoing chemotherapy against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. " 01/01/2014 - "In three studies, the serological responses to influenza vaccination in patients receiving chemotherapy are compared to that in healthy adult. " 12/07/2012 - "Our studies provide a novel and potent approach for influenza chemotherapy that should be considered for influenza treatment."
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 08/01/2010 - "A number of recent studies have documented that influenza vaccination is both well tolerated and generally effective in producing an immunologic response in most solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. " 01/01/2002 - "The good outcome of 30 previous patients with influenza post transplant is described. " 11/27/1998 - "The efficacy of influenza vaccination was significantly impaired in transplant patients against all three virus strains (62% vs. 97%, P<0.01/50% vs. 94%, P<0.001/37% vs. 80%, P<0.01), but 9/16 (56%) of patients still showed a sufficient immune response to two out of three virus strains. " 01/01/2014 - "Efficacy and safety of a booster dose of influenza vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients, TRANSGRIPE 1-2: study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial." 12/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) - A(H1N1)pdm09--vaccine in kidney transplant patients and to analyze which features might affect seroconversion. "
5.	Mechanical Ventilators (Ventilator) 01/01/2013 - "Currently, there are significant variations in the policies and recommendations around mask and respirator use for protection against influenza, SARS and TB. " 01/01/2010 - "The results show that if N95 respirators are only 20% effective in reducing susceptibility and infectivity, only 10% of the population would have to wear them to reduce the number of influenza A (H1N1) cases by 20%. " 04/01/2010 - "There is ongoing debate about the efficacy of surgical masks versus N95 respirators for protection against pandemic novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1)-2009. " 07/15/2009 - "We assessed the in vivo efficacy of surgical and N95 (respirator) masks to filter reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-detectable virus when worn correctly by patients with laboratory-confirmed acute influenza. " 12/01/2015 - "Our study results showed that US hospitals could absorb between 26,200 and 56,300 additional ventilators at the peak of a national influenza pandemic outbreak with robust pre-pandemic planning. "