Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1305 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 90 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)
4.	Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)
5.	Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)

Experts

1.	Balfour, Henry H: 6 articles (12/2015 - 05/2007)
2.	Rickinson, Alan B: 4 articles (12/2013 - 07/2006)
3.	Hislop, Andrew D: 4 articles (09/2009 - 07/2006)
4.	Smith, Corey: 3 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
5.	Hogquist, Kristin A: 3 articles (12/2015 - 02/2015)
6.	Panikkar, Archana: 3 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
7.	Moss, Denis J: 3 articles (12/2015 - 02/2008)
8.	Khanna, Rajiv: 3 articles (12/2015 - 06/2015)
9.	Ohga, Shouichi: 3 articles (02/2015 - 09/2004)
10.	Hara, Toshiro: 3 articles (02/2015 - 09/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Infectious Mononucleosis:

1.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 10/01/2010 - "VCA-p40+18 blot-strips examined for IgM reactivity in infectious mononucleosis samples yielded 100% sensitivity and specificity, with improved reactivity compared with IgM/VCA-p18-ELISAs. " 02/01/1980 - "Our studies indicate that the IgM smooth muscle antibody found in infectious mononucleosis by IF techniques is at least in part due to an antitubulin antibody." 01/01/2014 - "Serological testing revealed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was made. " 10/01/2012 - "[Immunoglobulin M positive for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. " 10/01/2011 - "Infectious mononucleosis with atypical manifestations accompanied by transient IgM antibody response for cytomegalovirus."
2.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 07/01/1992 - "Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg-like cells in acute infectious mononucleosis." 08/01/1986 - "Both predicted membrane proteins could be precipitated from cell lines that had been transformed in vitro with EBV or from cell lines derived from infectious mononucleosis patients. " 10/01/2007 - "CD4(+) T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 in infectious mononucleosis and EBV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Th1 in active disease but Tr1 in remission." 10/01/2000 - "To study the distribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) variants containing mutations in the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) oncogene and promoter in EBV associated Hodgkin's disease and infectious mononucleosis compared with previous findings in asymptomatic EBV carriers. " 11/01/1997 - "To assess the frequency of malignancy-associated 30-bp deletion variants of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) in benign conditions, a comparative sequence analysis was done using samples from 20 American children with acute infectious mononucleosis and 16 Swiss children with chronic tonsillar hyperplasia. "
3.	10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanoneIBA 01/01/2011 - "[Therapeutic efficacy of various formulations of cycloferon in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis in children]." 01/01/2011 - "[Clinical efficacy of cycloferon in complex therapy of infectious mononucleosis in pediatrics]." 01/01/2013 - "The same therapeutic efficiency was observed for cycloferon and genferon light included in complex treatment of infectious mononucleosis in children. " 01/01/2011 - "The results of the cycloferon use in therapy of 80 children at the age of 1 to 15 years with infectious mononucleosis are presented. "
4.	TinidazoleFDA Link 01/01/1986 - "The efficacy of tinidazole was studied in 24 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), 13 of whom were randomized for 5 days of tinidazole treatment and 11 for control without placebo. " 01/01/1986 - "Evidence of tinidazole interference in the oropharyngeal inflammatory process during infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/1984 - "Tinidazole and metronidazole have been reported beneficial in the treatment of acute anginose infectious mononucleosis. "
5.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1979 - "Induction of plaque-forming cells in human blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of antigen and Epstein-Barr virus: a study with normal donors and infectious mononucleosis patients." 10/15/1977 - "These studies indicated that cell-mediate immunity to EBV-associated antigens could be detected by either leukocyte migration inhibition or lymphocyte blast transformation, but neither assay is diagnostic of infectious mononucleosis." 10/31/2009 - "On the basis of seroconversion to Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) Ig G positivity and reduced CMV Ig M titer with persistently negative CMV Ig G, a definite diagnosis of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis was established 1 year 2 month later." 04/01/2005 - "Serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis by chemiluminescent immunoassay using capsid antigen p18 of Epstein-Barr virus." 07/01/2003 - "Down-regulation of pan-T-cell antigens, particularly CD7, in acute infectious mononucleosis."
6.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Laboratory studies revealed markedly elevated immunoglobulin G titers to Epstein-Barr virus and she recalled a history of infectious mononucleosis at 20 years of age. " 06/01/1993 - "Application of low-avidity immunoglobulin G studies to diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis." 03/01/2015 - "A biomarker of Epstein-Barr virus (anti-EBNA IgG seropositivity), infectious mononucleosis, and smoking showed the strongest consistent evidence of an association. " 01/26/2005 - "Controls with at least 1 infant-year contact had a reduced risk of infectious mononucleosis and a reduced risk of very high composite EBV IgG titers (AOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.98) compared with other controls. " 01/01/2005 - "The mean optical density value for IgG immunoreactivity to Nedd5 C-ter was significantly higher in patients of group A than in those of group B, those with infectious mononucleosis, or healthy subjects (0.17 +/- 0.14 vs, respectively, 0.11 +/- 0.07, P = 0.04; 0.11 +/- 0.06, P = 0.034; and 0.09 +/- 0.045, P = 0.003, on Student's t-test). "
7.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 04/01/2009 - "Therefore, when this disorder is suspected, serum analyses are carried out to detect the presence of certain immunoglobulins associated with infectious mononucleosis in the patient's blood. " 01/01/2002 - "There is a selective rise in immunoglobulins encoded by this gene in both infectious mononucleosis and SLE." 02/01/2001 - "Reduced immunoglobulin-coating of the bacteria on the tonsillar surfaces during infectious mononucleosis can explain their tendency to immense local colonization and proneness to penetrate into the epithelial cells." 04/01/1996 - "The findings suggest that the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus, causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, exerts a transient suppression of immunoglobulin-coating of bacteria harboured on the tonsillar surfaces, with consequent abundant bacterial attachment to the epithelial cells and massive bacterial colonization on the palatine tonsils." 04/01/1996 - "Immunoglobulin-coated bacteria on the tonsillar surface during infectious mononucleosis."
8.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 11/02/2011 - "National Institutes of Health on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vaccine research recommend that future clinical trials have two goals: prevention of infectious mononucleosis and EBV-associated cancers, facilitated by identification of disease-predictive surrogate markers." 10/01/2011 - "The evidence for a similarity in the geographic patterns of occurrence of MS and EBV infection (with infectious mononucleosis or EBV specific serology used as surrogate markers), when reviewed critically, is very limited. " 04/18/2013 - "Some of the barriers to development of an EBV vaccine include (a) whether viral proteins in addition to gp350 would be more effective for preventing mononucleosis or EBV malignancies, (b) the difficulty of performing clinical trials to prevent EBV associated malignancies in the absence of good surrogate markers for tumor development, and the long period of time between primary EBV infection and development of many EBV tumors, (c) the lack of knowledge of immune correlates for protection against EBV infection and disease, (d) the limitations in animal models to study protection against EBV infection and disease, and (e) the need for additional information on the economic and societal burden of infectious mononucleosis to assess the cost-benefit of a prophylactic vaccine."
9.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2015 - "There is insufficient evidence to the efficacy of steroids for symptom control in infectious mononucleosis. " 01/01/2015 - "RCTs comparing the effectiveness of steroids with placebo, usual care, or other interventions for symptom control for people with documented infectious mononucleosis. " 01/01/2015 - "Steroids for symptom control in infectious mononucleosis." 11/01/2008 - "Should you use steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis?" 01/01/2006 - "There are no universal criteria for using steroids in glandular fever. "
10.	Metronidazole (Metric)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2014 - "This study demonstrates that metronidazole has a role to play in severe infectious mononucleosis." 07/01/2014 - "Metronidazole may be of use in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis (IM). " 01/01/1982 - "Metronidazole in the treatment of anginose infectious mononucleosis." 01/01/1982 - "Treatment of infectious mononucleosis with metronidazole in the pediatric age group." 01/01/1980 - "Treatment of anginose infectious mononucleosis with metronidazole. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 02/01/2011 - "The study aims to evaluate whether sCD30 can be used as a diagnostic marker for EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). " 01/01/2014 - "This retrospective study was undertaken to determine any association between IL28B SNPs and the development of viraemia in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). " 12/01/2010 - "Such B lymphocytes have been encountered in lymphoid tissues of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and in post transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). " 12/01/2005 - "This patient was EBV seronegative pre-transplant; peak EBV load was 14,513 copies/ml. Acute infectious mononucleosis was seen in 1 case. " 05/01/2005 - "This phenotype is consistent with that seen in healthy seropositive controls, post-transplant patients and patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. "
2.	Tonsillectomy 10/21/2002 - "In patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), acute tonsillectomy is advocated only in the minority who develop severe airway compromise. " 10/21/2002 - "Florid infectious mononucleosis: clinicopathological correlation in acute tonsillectomy." 01/01/2000 - "[Infectious mononucleosis: when is tonsillectomy indicated?]." 07/01/1993 - "Acute tonsillectomy in the management of infectious mononucleosis." 11/01/1992 - "Acute tonsillectomy in the management of infectious mononucleosis."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 12/15/2002 - "This technique was applied to determine the EBV load in various study groups including healthy controls, transplant recipients, patients on haemodialysis, and patients with infectious mononucleosis. " 02/01/1987 - "To compare the abilities of the nucleic acid dot hybridization assay and the cord blood lymphocyte transformation assay to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we examined throat washings from healthy control subjects (nine EBV-seronegative and 51 EBV-seropositive), patients with acute infectious mononucleosis, and renal transplant recipients. " 01/01/1998 - "They have been closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the spectrum of manifestations after transplantation range from an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome to more serious polyclonal or monoclonal lymphoproliferation, the treatment of which is not well defined and, relying on immuno- and chemotherapy. " 01/01/1999 - "Rapid autologous marrow recovery and eradication of infectious mononucleosis despite severe immunosuppression following second transplantation for aplastic anemia." 07/01/1988 - "Inclusion of uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis in the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus infections in transplant recipients."
4.	Splenectomy 03/01/1989 - "No evidence of EBV was found in two splenectomy specimens from patients with infectious mononucleosis. " 01/01/1969 - "Febrile infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome following splenectomy: an example of post-transfusion mononucleosis." 04/01/1958 - "Infectious mononucleosis requiring splenectomy and tracheotomy." 03/01/2010 - "Patients with splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis generally undergo emergency splenectomy." 09/01/2003 - "On the basis of review of the medical literature and of our own experience, we advocate emergent splenectomy for spontaneous splenic rupture in patients with infectious mononucleosis."
5.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 10/01/1996 - "It was noted that many sera of patients with renal allograft produce distinct precipitation lines in gel diffusion tests with about 20% of infectious mononucleosis sera. " 06/01/1990 - "A range of histopathologic changes was noted in the allografts ranging from alterations typically observed in infectious mononucleosis to a distinctive constellation characterized by (a) mixed mononuclear portal and sinusoidal infiltrates containing atypical large noncleaved cells and immunoblasts; (b) associated lobular activity indicative of a hepatitic process, and (c) relatively mild duct damage not in proportion to the severity of the inflammatory infiltrates. " 01/01/2013 - "In a prospective, multicenter study among 106 pediatric kidney allograft recipients aged 11.4 ± 5.9 years, we investigated the epidemiology of EBV infection and the relationship between EBV load, EBV serology, and EBV-related morbidity (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease [PTLD] or symptomatic EBV infection, defined as flu-like symptoms or infectious mononucleosis). " 01/01/1994 - "The frequency of multiple Ebnotypes was relatively low in healthy individuals and in patients with infectious mononucleosis or with haematological diseases who were awaiting a bone marrow transplant [blood, 11 of 74 patients (15%); oropharynx, 12 of 49 patients (24%)], whereas it was relatively high in recipients of bone marrow or cardiac allografts and one patient with AIDS [blood, 12 of 34 patients (35%); oropharynx, 11 of 16 patients (69%)]. " 09/01/1997 - "Clinically, PTLD can present in a number of ways ranging from features resembling infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative masses involving both nodal and extranodal locations, to a fulminant form characterized by a combination of peripheral lymphadenopathy, severe metabolic acidosis, organ failure or allograft dysfunction. "