Impetigo

A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.

Also Known As:

Networked: 353 relevant articles (36 outcomes, 52 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Pyoderma
3.	Abscess
4.	Eczema
5.	Dermatitis

Experts

1.	Amagai, Masayuki: 9 articles (03/2012 - 05/2002)
2.	Nishifuji, Koji: 5 articles (08/2011 - 05/2002)
3.	Stanley, John R: 4 articles (03/2012 - 05/2002)
4.	Andrews, Ross M: 3 articles (12/2014 - 03/2010)
5.	Currie, Bart J: 3 articles (12/2014 - 03/2010)
6.	Carapetis, Jonathan R: 3 articles (12/2014 - 03/2010)
7.	Rørtveit, Sverre: 3 articles (12/2014 - 09/2003)
8.	van Suijlekom-Smit, Lisette W A: 3 articles (01/2012 - 01/2002)
9.	Koning, Sander: 3 articles (01/2012 - 01/2002)
10.	van der Wouden, Johannes C: 3 articles (01/2012 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Impetigo:

1.	Mupirocin (Bactroban)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1989 - "Mupirocin is a new, topical antibiotic effective for the treatment of impetigo. " 05/01/1990 - "Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trials have shown that mupirocin is safe and effective for the treatment of impetigo." 08/01/1989 - "These results show topical mupirocin to be a safe and effective alternative to oral antibiotic therapy in the treatment of impetigo." 12/01/1988 - "Thus, mupirocin appears to be safe and effective in treating impetigo in children. " 12/01/1986 - "Initial studies comparing mupirocin to inactive vehicle in the treatment of impetigo indicate an overall 92 percent pathogen eradication rate with active drug and 58 percent eradication rate with vehicle. "
2.	retapamulinFDA Link 01/01/2007 - "Retapamulin is a highly effective and convenient new treatment option for impetigo, with efficacy against isolates resistant to existing therapies." 05/01/2008 - "This study shows that topical retapamulin is effective and safe in the treatment of primary impetigo, offering a new treatment option." 05/01/2008 - "Efficacy and safety of retapamulin ointment as treatment of impetigo: randomized double-blind multicentre placebo-controlled trial." 01/01/2014 - "Ozenoxacin 1% cream in the treatment of impetigo: a multicenter, randomized, placebo- and retapamulin-controlled clinical trial." 03/01/2009 - "Recently retapamulin has been released as a new antibiotic for topical use in impetigo contagiosa. "
3.	Fusidic Acid (Fucithalmic)IBA 08/16/2013 - "Fusidic acid ointment was recommended as first-line treatment for localised impetigo. " 01/01/2010 - "Similarly, plain fusidic acid cream or ointment used two or three times daily in SSTIs such as impetigo are clinically and bacteriologically effective, with minimal adverse events. " 10/01/2008 - "Last year, we concluded that topical fusidic acid should be first-line treatment for impetigo. " 01/26/2002 - "Fusidic acid cream in the treatment of impetigo in general practice: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial." 05/01/2015 - "Antibiotic resistance to specifically fusidic acid was more common in 2005 impetigo patients (22.8%) versus 2011 (5%) (p = 0.078). "
4.	Erythromycin (Erycette)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1992 - "aureus strains in impetigo and (ii) whether an increased rate of failure of erythromycin treatment was associated with such resistance. " 05/01/1988 - "Thus, we conclude that erythromycin is the drug of choice for impetigo in our midwestern locale because of its high efficacy and relatively low cost." 04/01/1967 - "Impetigo contagiosa: etiology, complications, and comparison of therapeutic effectiveness of erythromycin and antibiotic ointment." 05/01/1990 - "A bacteriologically controlled, randomized study comparing the efficacy of 2% mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) with oral erythromycin in the treatment of patients with impetigo." 11/01/1995 - "Evaluation of the efficacy of josamycin in the treatment of impetigo in children and its in vitro activity on erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains."
5.	Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate (E-Mycin E)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1990 - "The results of the trial indicate that 2% mupirocin ointment is as safe and effective as oral erythromycin ethylsuccinate in the treatment of patients with impetigo." 12/01/1988 - "The safety and efficacy of a new topical antiinfective agent, mupirocin, was compared with that of oral erythromycin ethylsuccinate in the treatment of impetigo in children. " 08/01/1989 - "In this study, a new topical antibiotic ointment, mupirocin, was compared with oral erythromycin ethylsuccinate in the treatment of impetigo. " 05/01/1990 - "Sixty patients participated in a bacteriologically controlled, randomized, parallel group comparison of 2% mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) and oral erythromycin ethylsuccinate for the treatment of impetigo. " 11/01/1988 - "Results from this study demonstrate that mupirocin is as effective as systemic erythromycin ethylsuccinate for treatment of pyoderma and impetigo."
6.	ZincIBA 09/01/1993 - "The number and duration of impetigo episodes was significantly greater in the group fed the zinc-fortified formula. " 04/01/2012 - "Among the infants of mothers who received zinc supplementation during the antenatal period, 10.6% had at least 1 episode of impetigo compared with 19.6% of the infants of mothers in the placebo group (P = 0.01). " 04/01/2012 - "Effect of antenatal zinc supplementation on impetigo in infants in Bangladesh." 05/01/2003 - "A study of zinc supplementation during pregnancy found reduced risk of diseases (diarrhea or impetigo) in small-for-gestational-age but not preterm infants. " 04/07/2001 - "Infants of mothers who received zinc during pregnancy had at age 6 months reduced risks compared with those in the placebo group for acute diarrhoea (risk ratio 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.98), dysentery (0.36; 0.25-0.84), and impetigo (0.53; 0.34-0.82). "
7.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 04/01/1974 - "A controlled study of penicillin prophylaxis against streptococcal impetigo." 05/01/1998 - "Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the results of treatment seem to indicate that cephems, as well as penicillins, are the first choice of treatment for streptococcal impetigo." 09/28/1991 - "Is penicillin still the drug of choice for non-bullous impetigo?" 12/01/1946 - "Penicillin in impetigo contagiosum." 09/01/1946 - "Treatment of impetigo neonatorum with minimal doses of penicillin."
8.	Cloxacillin (Tegopen)FDA Link 01/01/2009 - "The patient was admitted to the hospital and given intravenous cloxacillin for presumed bullous impetigo. " 04/01/1993 - "We found that mixed organisms of S.aureus and GABHS were the most common cause of impetigo in children in our study; that, of the two regimens evaluated, cloxacillin is the most effective treatment; that penicillin is equally effective in cases of mild to moderate forms and may be preferred on the basis of cost-effectiveness." 01/01/2004 - "Penicillin was inferior to erythromycin and cloxacillin and there is little evidence that using disinfectant solutions improves impetigo. " 07/01/2001 - "In mild and localized impetigo topical antibiotics whereas in widespread or severe one and in ecthyma systemic antibiotics like, cloxacillin, erythromycin, azithromycin or cephalexin should be used. " 10/01/1987 - "Several controlled clinical trials documented that mupirocin was significantly better than the polyethylene glycol vehicle alone or ampicillin and as effective as cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, or erythromycin in producing clinical and bacteriological cures in patients with impetigo and wound infections caused by gram-positive pathogens. "
9.	Soaps (Soap)IBA 07/16/2005 - "Also compared with controls, children younger than 15 years in households with plain soap had a 53% lower incidence of diarrhoea (-65% to -41%) and a 34% lower incidence of impetigo (-52% to -16%). " 10/01/2002 - "The effect of antibacterial soap on impetigo incidence, Karachi, Pakistan." 07/16/2005 - "We undertook a randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of handwashing promotion with soap on the incidence of acute respiratory infection, impetigo, and diarrhoea. " 10/01/2002 - "The routine use of triclocarban-containing soap by children living in a community with a high incidence of impetigo was associated with a reduced incidence of impetigo." 10/01/2002 - "We conducted a study to determine if soap containing 1.2% triclocarban would be effective in reducing the incidence of impetigo. "
10.	tioconazoleFDA Link 01/01/1987 - "Twenty-one impetigo patients had only tioconazole cream 1% applied three times daily to lesions. " 01/01/1987 - "Eleven open multicentre studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tioconazole cream 1% as a treatment for diaper rash with or without fungal (Candida) involvement, or impetigo in neonates and infants. " 01/01/1987 - "The results of these studies show that tioconazole cream 1% is safe and effective for the treatment of neonates and infants with dermal candidiasis, diaper rash and impetigo." 01/01/1986 - "Preliminary studies in other clinical areas suggest tioconazole may be useful for treating onychomycosis (in a special nail formulation), napkin-rash due to Candida albicans, impetigo, and vaginal trichomoniasis, although comparative studies are needed in each of these settings to clearly assess its relative place in therapy. " 01/01/1987 - "Comparative and non-comparative studies of the efficacy and tolerance of tioconazole cream 1% versus another imidazole and/or placebo in neonates and infants with candidal diaper rash and/or impetigo."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 09/01/1985 - "A number of well-designed comparison studies have shown the superiority of oral or injectable antibiotics over typical treatment in the treatment of impetigo contagiosa. "
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 03/01/2015 - "In 5 years, between 2006 and 2011, 406 pediatric burns were treated with skin grafts, with 7% developing burns impetigo. " 02/01/2001 - "Some infections, such as candidal infection, herpes simplex infection, and impetigo were most prominent during the first post-transplant year and did not affect many new patients after the first year. "
3.	Lasers (Laser) 03/01/2003 - "Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus in skin lesions of bullous impetigo, atopic dermatitis and pemphigus foliaceus." 03/01/2013 - "During study time from September 2008 to February 2009 treat patients who have underwent short flap rhytidectomy to the Lutronic eCO2™ fractional laser using the patented "Controlled Chaos Technology." Complications included 2.3% herpes simplex outbreak, 4% persistent erythema past 2 weeks, four cases of prolonged edema to 5 days, one case of impetigo, and no evidence of dyspigmentation. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2005 - "The treatment of impetigo included the application of topical measures with the systemic antibiotic chemotherapy." 02/16/1963 - "[ON LOCAL CHEMOTHERAPY OF IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA]."
5.	Catheters 01/01/2000 - "Finally, 26 strains from other types of specimens (abscesses, hemocultures, urine, central venous catheters, bronchoalveolar lavages) showed an 11.5% production rate of ETA or ETB (p < 0.001 versus impetigo strains, no significance versus atopic dermatitis). "