Hypospadias

A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1418 relevant articles (28 outcomes, 130 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fistula
2.	Postoperative Pain
3.	Epispadias
4.	Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
5.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)

Experts

1.	Baskin, Laurence S: 32 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Nordenskjöld, Agneta: 18 articles (03/2015 - 10/2004)
3.	Li, Qiang: 16 articles (01/2014 - 01/2003)
4.	National Birth Defects Prevention Study: 14 articles (09/2014 - 11/2005)
5.	Sultan, Charles: 13 articles (12/2015 - 06/2004)
6.	Carmichael, Suzan L: 13 articles (05/2015 - 10/2004)
7.	Shaw, Gary M: 11 articles (05/2015 - 10/2004)
8.	Chen, Wen: 11 articles (02/2011 - 01/2003)
9.	Kojima, Yoshiyuki: 10 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
10.	Ogata, Tsutomu: 10 articles (01/2015 - 12/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypospadias:

1.	CosmeticsIBA 03/01/1984 - "The results of hypospadias repair have improved because of the availability of these more reliable procedures that provide a lower incidence of complications and improved cosmetic appearance." 10/01/2003 - "Proximal division of the urethral plate and application of the Snodgrass procedure to the staged repair of hypospadias have resulted in improved functional and cosmetic results. " 01/01/1992 - "Improved cosmetic results with avoidance of serious complications make this operation ideal for treating distal hypospadias in countries where the circumcised penis is an exception." 12/01/2015 - "This study utilized validated questionnaires to assess the postoperative functional, cosmetic, and psychosocial outcomes of hypospadias repair. " 09/01/2015 - "Few studies of long-term outcome of hypospadias treatment in terms of voiding, surgical complications, sexual functioning, intimate relationships and cosmetic results have been investigated and contrasting results have been obtained so far. "
2.	Dihydrotestosterone (Androstanolone)IBA 08/01/2008 - "Re: The efficacy of dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel before primary hypospadias surgery: a prospective, controlled, randomized study." 02/01/2008 - "The efficacy of dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel before primary hypospadias surgery: a prospective, controlled, randomized study." 02/01/2008 - "We sought to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal dihydrotestosterone treatment based on the results of hypospadias repair in children with primary hypospadias. " 09/01/2008 - "In an effort to improve the outcome of hypospadias repair, Kaya et al. performed a prospective, randomized study of transdermal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) gel as a preoperative adjunct to surgery. " 09/01/2008 - "Does administration of transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel before hypospadias repair improve postoperative outcomes?"
3.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 06/01/2015 - "Parenteral testosterone administration before hypospadias repair is beneficial in decreasing complication rates." 10/01/2015 - "Re: The Effect of Parenteral Testosterone Administration prior to Hypospadias Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized and Controlled Study." 06/01/2015 - "The effect of parenteral testosterone administration prior to hypospadias surgery: A prospective, randomized and controlled study." 09/01/2011 - "Role of parenteral testosterone in hypospadias: A study from a teaching hospital in India." 06/01/2011 - "Structural study of prepuce in hypospadias--does topical treatment with testosterone produce alterations in prepuce vascularization?"
4.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2011 - "Comparing caudal and penile nerve blockade using bupivacaine in hypospadias repair surgeries in children." 11/01/1985 - "Bupivacaine induced caudal block as unique anaesthetic procedure in 80 children who underwent surgical correction of hypospadias, resulted of great efficacy and easy employment. " 08/01/1990 - "We studied 24 boys who were randomized to receive caudal epidural anesthesia with 0.33 ml.kg.-1 0.25% bupivacaine either before (group A) or after (group B) Mathieu repair of distal hypospadias. " 02/01/2002 - "This was followed by a prospective, randomised, double-blind controlled trial that has confirmed that double caudal injection of bupivacaine prolonged the duration of pain relief after hypospadias repair. " 09/01/2011 - "This study aimed to compare caudal or penile nerve block using bupivacaine in postoperative pain control in hypospadias repair in children. "
5.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2009 - "We designed a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study to compare the efficacy of a low-dose (2 microg x kg(-1)) of intrathecal morphine with placebo for postoperative pain control of children undergoing repair of hypospadias surgery with spinal anesthesia. " 01/01/2007 - "Fast-track concepts, including immediate postoperative feeding, immediate mobilization, and morphine sparing pain treatment, were established for pyeloplasty, appendectomy, bowel anastomosis, fundoplication, hypospadia repair, and full/partial nephrectomy. " 11/01/2009 - "Efficacy of a low-dose spinal morphine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing hypospadias repair." 11/01/2009 - "Spinal anesthesia provided by hyperbaric bupivacaine is adequate for distal hypospadias repair in children, but adding 2 microg x kg(-1) intrathecal morphine provides better postoperative pain control when compared to placebo in these children."
6.	PlasticsIBA 02/01/1980 - "[An improved operation for plastic repair of hypospadias: experiences in 190 cases (author's transl)]." 12/01/2011 - "Paediatric urologists, paediatric surgeons, urologists, and plastic surgeons worldwide were invited to participate an anonymous online questionnaire (http://www.hypospadias-center.info). " 03/01/2011 - "The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=14) with primary plastic urethra and group 2 (n=15) with secondary urethroplasty of hypospadia with complication. " 08/01/2010 - "Plastic surgeons should change their hypospadias service. " 08/01/2010 - "In the UK most primary hypospadias surgery in children is performed by paediatric surgeons/urologists and plastic surgeons. "
7.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 07/01/2014 - "Our findings do not support the routine use of preoperative antibiotics in hypospadias repair." 07/01/2014 - "The role of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics in hypospadias repair." 10/01/2013 - "Our data suggest that prophylactic oral antibiotics may not be needed in cases of stented hypospadias repair. " 10/01/2013 - "Is there a role for prophylactic antibiotics after stented hypospadias repair?" 04/01/2011 - ">85% of responders give antibiotics before open pyeloplasty, after hypospadias repair (when a urethral catheter is left in place), or perioperative or postoperative antibiotics for open neoureterocystostomy or bladder reconstructive surgery. "
8.	Fibrin Tissue Adhesive (Fibrin Sealant)IBA 10/01/2008 - "In group A, fibrin glue was used as a sealant after hypospadias surgery, whereas in group B, no sealant was used. " 01/01/2007 - "Use of fibrin sealant in hypospadias surgical repair reduces the frequency of postoperative complications." 05/01/1998 - "Postoperative compressive penile dressing using fibrin seal (Tisseel) and tulle gauze for hypospadias repair." 02/01/1992 - "Tisseel (Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria), a fibrin sealant, adhesive and hemostatic agent made up of sterilized human and bovine components, was used in hypospadias repairs. " 02/01/1992 - "Tisseel in hypospadias repair."
9.	Tissue Adhesives (Tissue Adhesive)IBA 05/01/1980 - "Hypospadias repair with subcutaneous suture and tissue adhesive for surface closure." 10/01/1979 - "Hypospadias repair with subcutaneous suture and tissue adhesive for surface closure." 01/01/1973 - "Hypospadias-repair with histoacrylic tissue adhesive and without indwelling catheter drainage." 10/01/2002 - "Between February 1999 and December 2000 we evaluated prospectively 8 patients who underwent closure of early urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias repair using cyanoacrylate based tissue adhesive at our institutions. " 10/01/2002 - "We determine the effectiveness of the tissue adhesive n-butyl cyanoacrylate for early repair of fistula after hypospadias surgery in children. "
10.	CollagenIBA 09/01/1999 - "The use of a collagen inert matrix appears to be beneficial in patients who have undergone previous hypospadias repair and who may lack sufficient genital skin for reconstruction." 04/01/2011 - "Characterization of the urethral plate and the underlying tissue defined by expression of collagen subtypes and microarchitecture in hypospadias." 10/01/2003 - "We describe our experience with single layered small intestinal submucosa (SIS), a commercially available, acellular, collagen based biomaterial, in the repair of severe chordee as part of a multistage approach to the repair of proximal hypospadias. " 09/01/1999 - "Four patients with a history of hypospadias underwent repeat hypospadias repair using a collagen based inert matrix for urethral reconstruction. " 09/01/1999 - "A novel inert collagen matrix for hypospadias repair."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 11/01/2012 - "The complex hypospadias repair technique using lingual mucosal graft method provides good results. " 04/01/2003 - "In this study, the authors describe their experience using buccal mucosal grafts in hypospadias-crippled adult patients. " 01/01/2016 - "Re: Tunneled Buccal Mucosa Tube Grafts for Repair of Proximal Hypospadias: R. " 12/01/2015 - "Two-Stage Repair for Severe Proximal Hypospadias Using Oral Mucosal Grafts: Combination of a Modified Bracka Method and a Modified Byars Flap Method: Should Local Flaps be Used for Urethral Reconstruction in Hypospadias Repair?" 06/01/2015 - "Bladder mucosa grafts were historically used for hypospadias surgical repairs, when preputial or penile skin was unavailable and in cases of prior failed hypospadias repairs. "
2.	Analgesia 02/01/2002 - "A prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of double-caudal versus single-caudal injection for postoperative analgesia in hypospadias repair was performed. " 02/01/2002 - "Prospective to a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess efficacy of double caudal analgesia in hypospadias repair." 07/01/2012 - "  Penile block provided better analgesia when compared with caudal epidural in children undergoing primary hypospadias repair. " 07/01/2012 - "  To evaluate the effect of penile block vs caudal epidural on the quality of analgesia and surgical outcome following hypospadias repair. " 01/01/2012 - "We conducted a retrospective chart analysis for all patients who underwent hypospadias repair with caudal analgesia over a consecutive 3-period at this institution. "
3.	Male Circumcision (Circumcision) 08/01/2010 - "Immunohistochemical staining for ATF3 in samples from children who underwent repair of hypospadias was significantly greater than in samples from children who underwent elective circumcision (80% vs. 11%, respectively; p<0.05). " 01/01/2013 - "30 circumcised patients and 30 persons without a history of circumcision and hypospadias were enrolled in this study and underwent surgery for hypospadias repair. " 01/01/2013 - "This study was conducted to determine whether or not circumcision prior to hypospadias repair increases the risk of complications. " 08/01/2012 - "The present study enrolled 30 healthy boys (age range 4-11 years, mean age 8.1 ± 1.6) who underwent a standard circumcision procedure, with hypospadias repair in 3 patients. " 09/01/2011 - "We included 61 hypospadias and 85 circumcision cases operated in our clinic between November 2007 and August 2010, for the study. "
4.	Sutures (Suture) 07/01/1996 - "Sutures with rapid or intermediate absorption rates provide the best results for hypospadias surgery. " 06/01/2013 - "Our study examined the tensile and breaking strength as well as rate of degradation for four types of absorbable suture now commonly used for hypospadias repairs in the UK. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of different suture threads on histological parameters of the penis and urethra following hypospadias repair in rats. " 01/01/2012 - "Effects of different suture materials used for the repair of hypospadias: a stereological study in a rat model." 05/01/2004 - "On univariate analysis complications were significantly higher with running than interrupted sutures, in repairs in the first 2 years of the study, in patients with posterior hypospadias, and in those with no neourethral coverage. "
5.	Stents 03/01/2015 - "The complication rate for infants undergoing distal hypospadias repair is low, does not appear to be significantly increased by forgoing a postoperative urethral stent. " 03/01/2015 - "To review our experience with infants undergoing distal hypospadias repair without a postoperative stent to determine if an unacceptable complication rate might justify its use. " 03/01/2015 - "Distal hypospadias repair in infants without a postoperative stent." 10/01/2013 - "The groups were well matched for age, hypospadias characteristics, surgical technique and stent duration. " 08/01/2013 - "Urethral stent in hypospadias repair."